write an abstract about a source news article, broadcast, etc. – other than those sources provided in the course learning material pertinent to that week’s topic.
Include a full bibliographic citation for each source and post the abstract. Article: https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-07-17/the-us-needs-a-
response-to-russias-information-warfare Here is an exemplar post, which uses the Abstract/Discussion format: Murphy, D. M., 2012. The Future of Influence in Warfare,
Joint Force Quarterly, 64. Available: http://www.ndu.edu/press/influence-in-warfare.html Abstract This paper, by Dennis Murphy, takes the prominent role of information
in past warfare as a given, and considers it apparent that information and influence will become increasingly important in future military operations. With the
increased access to information, military operations will not only be required to shape the information environment, but also risk being shaped by it. The paper posits
that in the last ten years, the US military, upon which the paper is focused, has moved from the ‘apprentice’ stage, to the ‘journeyman’ stage, in its ability to apply
information to achieve military objectives. The increasing importance of information operations in the future will require the military to achieve a ‘master’ status.
Three primary requirements will need to be met to reach this level – getting doctrine right, attaining the appropriate intelligence support, and creating a suitable
organisational culture. The paper highlights the importance of producing correct doctrine, noting the military’s acceptance of doctrine as ‘truth’. Doctrine guiding
commanders in information operations is currently being improved by the US Department of Defense, with an emphasis being placed on information effects, not the
specific means to achieve them. This will direct commanders to an understanding that information effects must be included in all aspects of military objectives,
thereby ensuring that an operational endstate includes attainment of the desired information-effect endstate. Referring again to the ‘apprentice’, ‘journeyman’, and
‘master’ stages of information operations application, the paper typifies these stages as being proactive, proactively reactive, and predictive. To reach this
predictive level, and therefore mastery, commanders rely on intelligence support, which the paper describes as often-overlooked, and a long-term Achille’s heel of
influence operations. The intelligence community requires, most importantly, an organisational focus towards influence operations, to enable military forces to become
predictive regarding enemy use of information. The combination of commander-centric information doctrine and appropriate intelligence support will provide the forcing
factors required to instigate organisational change. This organisational change will see information effects being included in all aspects of military planning and
execution. When driven by commanders, this change will see information effects as crucial to mission success, and not an addendum or afterthought that need be assessed
separately. Discussion I believe the most noteworthy issue raised in this paper is the requirement for information operations to be integrated into all elements of
warfare, vice being treated as a separate, if related, consideration. This requirement is designed to enhance operational effectiveness through achieving improvements
similar to those gained in the switch to a joint operational focus (vice single service stovepipes), and the switch to effects-based warfare. Both of these previous
changes saw a greater focus placed on the overall military goal, and a decrease in emphasis on the specific method or force used in achieving that goal, in turn
allowing a for a broader range of appropriate methods to be assessed and employed. The implementation of information operations throughout the history of warfare can
now be assessed to show that it is only when information operation goals and methods are fully included into this broad framework of military planning and execution
that the full potential for achieving military objectives will be met.

 

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