psychosocial

Order Description

Mental Disorder and Psychological Treatment
Instructions

• Font should be New Roman, Size 11, spacing line 1.5,
• reference should be included with page number, kindly make use of some of the reference added, thank you.
• 500 words for introduction/ describing, 1500nwords for 2 contrasting & conclusion, total 2000 words
• Please could you put the page number of any reference you are given.
QUESTION
asked to choose a case-study that involves an individual that might be viewed as suffering from a mental illness. You are asked to view the case from contrasting
perspectives and evaluate the consequences of those different perspectives.
1. Describe the case-study
• Choose an example of a circumstance where someone could be viewed as suffering from a mental illness. You could choose an example from your own life experience or
your observations of real events, or you might choose a representation of ‘mental disorder’ that has been portrayed in film or literature. (approx. 500 words)
2. Two contrasting ways
• Compare TWO CONTRASTING ways of understanding the nature of the difficulties being portrayed and evaluate the implications of those different perspectives.
• It is important to choose 2 contrasting perspectives. You might choose a psychological, a biological; a psychiatric, a social; a social constructionist; a
psychoanalytic; or group psychology perspective. Each perspective will have different implications in terms of treatment, care or other responses.
• You need to explain how each perspective might help us understand the difficulties, and then evaluate the implications of the 2 different perspectives. (approx. 1500
words
The essay must show the following
• The argument (case) will be stated clearly in the introduction and will then be consistently referred to through the essay.
• Clearly demonstrates that the writer has engaged with the material and ideas used in the module.
• Evidence of independent research and reading
• Essay demonstrates that student has carried out their own reading and research on their chosen topic. There will be good of journal articles and books
• Understanding of topic
• Essay demonstrates excellent understanding of the important themes of the module and the particular topic.
• Essay Engagement with the question
• Essay very directly addresses the task and provides an answer to the question asked.
• Clarity of argument
• Use of attached references where relevant
Introduction
The introduction clearly spells out what the essay is being used to argue and will provide a brief overview of the topics covered in the essay.
Organisation of essay
The essay is well organised – the ordering of paragraphs is logical and each paragraph covers a topic, and these are linked. The ordering of paragraphs should follows
the (excellent) overview provided in the introduction
Conclusion
The conclusion sums up the key points and the overall argument that is made, perhaps acknowledging any weaknesses or caveats.
Use of Evidence to back arguments
• All statements or arguments are backed up by evidence that has been evaluated and reflected upon.
• The case study is well researched and thought about – it is original and relevant to the point being made.
• The essay clearly demonstrates that the student has thought and engaged with the topic and has come to a distinct point of view.
• All points and statements are backed up by evidence that is referenced in the text. The references and bibliography are accurately made according to the Harvard
style,
• The essay has been properly spell checked and does not contain errors of grammar and punctuation.
• Sentences are well constructed and clear in their meaning, The style should be formal
Please note that there are 2 parts to this single question.
Further explanation for the 1st part
You need to first think of an example where someone has seemingly suffered from a ‘mental illness’. This might be an example from your own life, it might be someone
that you know. It might be an example from circumstances that you have observed. You do need to have some detail about what has happened.
You can instead choose an example from fictional literature, film or biographical accounts– again you need to choose an example that contains a reasonable amount of
detail that will enable you to be able to pay some attention to what might underlie such events.
Further explanation for the 2nd part
• Having chosen your example, you then need to think about how the problems that the individual was facing could be understood in terms of TWO contrasting
perspectives.
• So, to take an example where someone has been hearing voices, has become deluded and perhaps has been given a diagnosis of ‘schizophrenia’. They have lost their job,
and have become very isolated.
• One way of understanding these difficulties is in terms of a ‘medical model’ – that assumes that the individual is suffering from some kind of illness that needs to
be treated. The most common model is this case would suggest that perhaps this person suffers from an illness called schizophrenia that is caused by something going
wrong with that individual’s brain or nervous system. The illness can only really be cured when that organic problem is put right. Other views that are still
consistent with the medical model might assume that the illness is being caused by various psychological or environmental factors – but here the problem is still
located within the individual.
• A second alternative explanation is to suggest that the individual is not suffering from a particular illness, but is instead experiencing and expressing unhappiness
about events in their life. Perhaps things have happened to them that make them prone to unhappiness and are prone to stress. Perhaps they have suffered from recent
stress which is manifesting in those symptoms.
• A third explanation might be that there is not really anything ‘wrong’ at all – this person is simply evincing a different way of being a human being. It is only our
current culture that demands particular ways of thinking and feeling and therefore construes such irregular behaviour as symptoms of illness.
Having chosen the 2 contrasting perspectives, you then need to think about the different implications of these perspectives.
• It may be that one of the perspectives you take is a form of medical model. That is – the individual is understood to be suffering from a disorder that exists within
that individual and that treatments can be designed that might cure that disorder or at least alleviate the symptoms.
• You will need to weigh up the negatives and positives associated with a medical model. It is likely that the ‘illness’ will be diagnosed and treated by medical
staff.
• Firstly, some of the potential negative points that flow from the medical model can be considered:
• Once someone has a medical diagnosis, perhaps other people only see labels and symptoms and not the ‘real’ person with problems.
• People are seen as ‘damaged’ individuals.
• Does the diagnosis/ label increase stigma?
• Do the labels cause people to be more isolated, stigmatized . . . find it harder to get jobs, housing.
However, you also need to consider the counter arguments.
• Are there actually benefits of the medical model?
It could be argued the medical model is helpful because it:
• Reduces stigma by explaining that this is just an illness like any other – and therefore the victims of such an illness people deserve help, support and sympathy
• Provides meaning for the individual – a diagnosis can provide an explanation for what has happened.
• Provides meaning for families – protects them from blame, reduces stigma and provides a ‘shared dialogue’.
• Opens the door to resources from health and welfare services.
• Offers the hope of treatment from trained professionals.
• Offers the hope of cure through further research.
If you are taking a perspective that assumes that someone is simply reacting to life events you then need to consider – what implications does this have? A number of
the ‘antipsychiatry’ perspectives fit into this category – notably Goffman, Laing, Szasz etc.
• Perhaps specific appropriate support can be put in place that addresses the real problems that are faced?
• Perhaps the dangers of stigma/isolation are avoided
Perhaps there are potential difficulties of an antipsychiatric approach: –
• If there is no diagnosis, how will state support be directed at someone?
• Is there a danger that the individual sill be seen as more responsible (and therefore to blame?)
• Families very often like diagnosis – it provides an explanation for what has happened.
You can also think about the perspective that suggests that there is nothing really
wrong – that perhaps we simply have a cultural problem with people who are
different? This is perhaps a more radical critique of the concept of ‘mental illness’ –
perhaps Foucault has most clearly addressed this point of view.
Again you need to think about the implications of this perspective – what would this
mean in practical terms for the individuals involved and those around them?

Reference
It is very important to make use of some of these reference where necessary
1. Introduction and theoretical and practice frameworks
Busfield, J. (1986) ‘Conceptualizing and identifying illnesses.’ In Managing Madness: Changing Ideas and Practice. Unwin Hyman:London.
Cooper, R. (2006) Classifying Madness: A philosophical investigation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. Springer: Dodrecht, NL
Available on-line: https://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-4020-3345-2
Crisp, A (2001) Every Family in the Land’ On line book – available free at
https://www.stigma.org/everyfamily/everycontentsnew.html
Cromby, J, Harper, D and Reavey, P. (2007) Diagnosis Special Issue- The Psychologist 20 (5) May
Available on line: https://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=20&editionID=147&ArticleID=1183
Dallos, R. (2000) ‘Psychological approaches to mental health and distress.’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S.
Palgrave: Basingstoke
Gelder, M., Gath, D. and Mayou, R. (1994) Concise Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Kendell, R, E. (2000) ‘The nature of psychiatric disorders.’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Johnstone, L. (2000) Users and Abusers of Psychiatry. Routledge: London.
Pilgrim, D and Rogers, A (1999) A sociology of mental health and illness. 2nd ed. – Buckingham: Open University Press: Buckingham.
Stafford-Clark, D and Smith, A (1986) Psychiatry for Students. George Unwin Press: London.
2. Historical perspectives on the development of psychiatry
Barham, P. (1992) Closing the Asylum. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Busfield, J. (2000) ‘Professionals, the state and the development of mental health policy.’ ’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R.
and Pattison, S. Palgrave: Basingstoke
Doerner, K. (1981) Madmen and the Bourgeoisie: A Social History of Insanity and Psychiatry. Basil Blackwell: Oxford.
Foucault, M. (1967) Madness and Civilisation. Tavistock: London.
Ion, R and Beer, D M (2003) ‘Valuing the past: The importance of an understanding of the history of psychiatry for healthcare professionals, service users and carers.’
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing (2003) 12, 237–242
Jones, K. (1972) A History of the Mental Health Services. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London.
Jones, L. (2000) ‘George III and changing views of madness.’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
MacDonald, M. (1981) Mystical bedlam : madness, anxiety, and healing in seventeenth- century England.
Overholser, W. (1959) ‘Shakespeare’s Psychiatry–And After.’ Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3. (Summer, 1959), pp. 335-352.
Porter, R. (2002) Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Scull, Andrew T.(1979) Museums of madness : the social organization of insanity in nineteenth-century. – London : Allen Lane.
Scull, A. (1981) Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madness: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Specific topics: Badness, Madness and Sadness
Understanding Badness: Mental Health and Criminality
This is an area that has been subject to a great deal of recent policy debate. A number of policy and discussion documents are available on the UK government’s
Department of Health website: www.doh.gov.uk
Blackburn, R. (1993) “Clinical Programmes with Psychopaths.” In Clinical Approaches to the Mentally Disordered Offender. eds Howells and Hollin, John Wiley and Sons:
Chichester.
Bowers, Len (2002) Dangerous and severe personality disorder: response and role of the psychiatric team. Routledge: London.
Barrett, B and Byford, S. (2012) ‘Costs and outcomes of an intervention programme for offenders with personality disorders.’ BJP 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.06864
Jones, D, W. (2016) Disordered Personalities and Crime: An Analysis of the history of moral insanity. Routledge: London
Jones, D, W. (2008) ‘Mental Disorder: Madness, personality disorder and criminal responsibility.’ Chapter 3 of Understanding Criminal Behaviour: Psychosocial
Approaches to criminality. Willan Press: Collumpton.
Jones, D,W (2009) ‘A Psychosocial Understanding of Personality Disorder: the historical problem of Moral Insanity.’ in Emotions: Psychosocial Approaches Palgrave:
Basingstoke eds, Day Sclater, Jones, Price and Yates.
Lieb, K, Zanarini, M, Schmahl, C, Linehan, M and Bohus, M (2004) ‘Borderline Personality Disorder.’ Lancet 2004; 364: 453–61
Moran, Patricia, (2001) Intervening to prevent antisocial personality disorder: a scoping review. Home Office: London.
Mullis, David. (2001) Managing offenders with mental illness and personality disorder: converting policy into practice. UEA (Social work monographs): Norwich.
Ramon, S. (1986) ‘The Category of psychopathy: its professional and social context in Britain.’ In the Power of Psychiatry eds Miller, P and Rose, N. Polity Press:
Cambridge.
Pilgrim, D. (2001) ‘Disordered personalities and disordered concepts.’ Journal of Mental Health 10 (3)253-265.
Scanlon, C. and Adlam, J. (2008) ‘Refusal, social exclusion and the cycle of rejection: A cynical analysis?’ Critical Social Policy 2008; 28; 529
S.E Coast SHA ((2006) The Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Care and Treatment of Michael Stone. Kent County Council.
Tyrer, P. (2000) Personality disorder: diagnosis, management and course. Butterworth: Oxford
The following are not available in the UEL library but can be found elsewhere:
Blair, J.et al (1996) “Theory of mind in the Psychopath.” Jnl of Forensic Psychiatry 7 (1) 15-25
Dolan, B and Coid, J. (1993) Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: Treatment and Research Issues Gaskell: London.
Fallon. P. Bluglass, R. Edwards, B. and Daniels, G. (1999) “Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital Volume 2:
Expert Evidence on Personality Disorder” HMSO: London- this is available on the Department of Health Website (www.doh.gov.uk)
Millon, T. et al. (1998) Psychopathy: Anti-social, Criminal, and Violent Behaviour. The Guilford Press: New York.
Mitchell, D., Blair, J. “State of the art: Psychopathy.” Psychologist. Vol 13(7), Jul 2000, 356-360.
Reid, W. et al. (1986) Unmasking the psychopath: Anti-social Personality and Related Syndromes. Norton & Co. New York.
ii. Labelling and Treating Madness: Schizophrenia
Psychiatric accounts of schizophrenia:
Frith, C.D. (1992) The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale.
McKenna, P.J (1994) Schizophrenia and Related Syndromes. Psychology Press: Hove.
iii) Critiques:
Bentall, R. P. (2003). Madness explained: psychosis and human nature. London: Allen Lane.
Bentall, R. P. (2009). Doctoring the mind: why psychiatric treatments fail. London: Allen Lane.
Boyle, M. (2002). Schizophrenia: a scientific delusion? (2nd ed. ed.). London: Routledge.
Boyle, M. (1990) Schizophrenia: A scientific Delusion. Routledge: London.
Boyle, M. (1996) ‘Schizophrenia re-evaluated.’ ’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave: Basingstoke
Foster, J. L. H. (2007). Journeys through mental illness: clients’ experiences and understandings of mental distress. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Geekie, J., & Read, J. (2009). Making sense of madness: contesting the meaning of schizophrenia. London; New York: Routledge.
Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Harper, D. (1995) Discourse analysis and mental health’, By: Harper, Journal of Mental Health, October 1, 1995, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Kutchins, H. And Kirk, S. (1997) Making Us Crazy: DSM, The Psychiatric Bible and the creation of mental distress. Constable: London.
Laing, R.D. (1965) The Divided Self. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Leudar, I., & Thomas, P. (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London: Routledge.
Masson, J. (1994) Against Therapy Monroe ME: Common Courage Press
Moncrieff, J. (2009). The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment.
Newnes, C. (2002) ‘Brainwashed. Mental illnesses are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, right? Wrong, says Craig Newnes.’ The Guardian, January 10th. [Online]
<https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/medicalscience/story/0,,630450,00.html>. Accessed 19th October 2007.
Newnes, C., Holmes, G., & Dunn, C. (2001). This is madness too : critical perspectives on mental health services. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS.
Parker, I., Georgaca, E., Harper, D., McLaughlin, T. & Stowell-Smith, M. (1995) Deconstructing Psychopathology. London: Sage.
Rapley, M., Moncrieff, J & Dillon, J (eds) (2011). De-Medicalizing Misery: Psychiatry, Psychology and the Human Condition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Read, J. D., Mosher, L. R., & Bentall, R. P. (2004). Models of madness: psychological, social and biological approaches to schizophrenia. Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
PS5003: Mental Disorder and Psychological Treatment
Read, J. D. (2004). Poverty, ethnicity and gender. In J. D. Read, L. R. Mosher & R. P. Bentall (Eds.), Models of madness: psychological, social and biological
approaches to schizophrenia. (pp. 161-194). Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
Romme, M., & Escher, S. (1993). Accepting voices: MIND Publications.
Romme, M., & Escher, S. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional’s guide to working with voice-hearers: Mind Publications.
Rosenhan, D, L. (1996/2000) ‘On being sane in insane places.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Scheff, T, J. (19996/2000) ‘Labelling Mental Illness.’ ’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
*Sedgwick, P. (1982) Psychopolitics. Pluto Press: London.
Szasz, T. (1970) The Manufacture of Madness. Basic Books: New York
Szasz, T. (1960) ‘The Myth of Mental Illness.’ American Psychologist, 15, 113-118. Available at: https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Szasz/myth.htm
Szasz, T. (1972) The myth of mental illness: foundations of a theory of personal conduct. London: Paladin, 1972
iv) Gender
Busfield, J (1996) Men, Women and Madness: understanding gender and mental disorder. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Barnes, M, (1959). Women and mental health: challenging the stereotypes. Birmingham: Venture Press:
Chesler, P. (1996/2000) ‘Women and madness: the mental asylum.’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Kohen, D (2000) Women and mental health. Routledge: London.
Prior, P. (1999) Gender and Mental Health. Macmillan: Basingstoke.
Ethnicity
Browne. D. (2000) ‘The black experience of mental health law.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Fenton, S and Sadiq, A. (2000) ‘Asian Women speak out.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Fernando, S. (1995/2002) Mental Health in a multi-ethnic Society. Routldege: London.
Littlewood, R. And Lipsedge, (1997) Aliens and alienists: ethnic minorities and psychiatry 3rd ed. – Routledge: London.
Swaran, P. SIingh, N Greenwood, S W and Churchill, S. (2007) ‘Ethnicity and the Mental Health Act 1983: Systematic Review.’ British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 9 9- 10
5.
Sproston, K and Nazroo, J (2002) Ethnic Minority Psychiatry Illness Rates in the Community. Department of Health: London. – available:
www.doh.gov.uk/public/empiric.pdf
The Experience of Madness; User Perspective and Civil liberties
Ajayi, S et al. (2009) Getting back into the world: Reflections on lived experiences of recovery. Rethink Recovery series: Vol 2 Rethink: London
Barham P. and Hayward, R. (1991) From the Mental Patient to the person. Routledge: London.
Barham, P. and Heyward, R. (2000) ‘The lives of ‘users.’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Blackman, L. (2001) Hearing Voices: Embodiment and Experience. Free Association: London.
Campbell, P. (2000) ‘The history of the user movement in the United Kingdom.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison,
S. Palgrave: Basingstoke
Chadwick, Peter K. (19997) Schizophrenia: the positive perspective. – Routledge: London.
Clark, I (2001) Psychosis and Spirituality: Exploring the New Frontier. Whorr: London.
Johnstone, L (2000) Users and abusers of psychiatry: a critical look at psychiatric practice 2nd ed – Routledge: London. (Written by a psychologist)
Gail Hornstein. A collection of user stories going back hundreds of years. https://www.gailhornstein.com/
Mesaril and Hallam (2003) ‘CBT for psychosis: A qualitative analysis of clients’ experiences.’ B J of Clin Psych, 42, 171–188
Romme, M., & Escher, S. (1993). Accepting voices: MIND Publications.
Romme, M., & Escher, S. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional’s guide to working with voice-hearers: Mind Publications.
v) Web sites:
A number of user groups have sprung up (and some have disappeared). A number have interesting web sites:
Hearing Voices Network

Welcome

‘MAD Pride’
https://madpride.org.uk/index.php
Prevention of professional abuse network: Now ‘Witness’
vi) Psychological Approaches to understanding and treating schizophrenia
Chadwick, P. (1996) Cognitive therapy for delusions, voices and paranoia Wiley: Chichester.
Harper, D. J. (1996) Deconstructing “paranoia”: Towards a discursive understanding of apparently unwarranted suspicion. Theory & Psychology, Vol 6(3), Aug 1996. pp.
423-448.
Nelson, H. (1997) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy with Schizophrenia. Chapman Hall: London.
Romme, M and Escher, S. (1993) Accepting voices – London: MIND.
Romme, M (2000) ‘Rehabilitating voice hearers.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Heller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave: Basingstoke
vi) Understanding Sadness: Depression
Barker, P.J. (1992) Severe depression: a practitioner’s guide. Chapman and Hall.
Blackburn, I. (1995) Cognitive Therapy for Depression and anxiety: A practitioner’s guide. Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1980) Loss, sadness and Depression. Hogarth. PS5003: Mental Disorder and Psychological Treatment
Brown, G. (1978) Social origins of depression: a study of psychiatric disorder in women. Tavistock Publications: London.
Brown, G (2000) ‘Life Events, loss and depressive disorders.’ Mental Health Matters
Freud, S. (1917) On Mourning and Melancholia. – The Penguin
Freud Library, vol 11.
Leader, D. (2008) The New Black: Mourning, Melancholia and Depression. Penguin: Harmondsworth
Marris, P. (1986) Loss and Change. Routledge: London
Masson, J. (1994) Against Therapy Monroe ME: Common Courage Press
Murray Parkes, C. (1993) Attachment Across the life-cycle. Routledge: London.
Rosenthal, N. (1993) Winter blues: Seasonal Affective Disorder: What it is and how to conquer it. Guilford Press.
Roth and Fonagy, P. (1996) What works for whom? A critical review of psychotherapy research. The Guilford Press.
Rowe, D (2003). Depression: the way out of your prison (3rd edition) Hove: Brunner Routledge.
Scheff, T (2001) ‘Shame and Community: social components in depression.’ Psychiatry 64 (3) 212-224
Segal, H. (1979) Klein. Fontana.
Seligman, M. (1992) Helplessness: On depression; development and death. Freeman.
Smail, D. (1993). The origins of unhappiness: a new understanding of personal distress: HarperCollins.
Smail, D. J. (2005). Power, interest and psychology: elements of a social materialist understanding of distress. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
Taylor, S. and Gilmour, A. (2002) ‘Towards understanding suicide.’’ In Mental Health Matters eds, Hller, T, Reynolds, J, Gomm, R, Muston, R. and Pattison, S. Palgrave:
Basingstoke
Walter, T (1996) A New Model of Grief: Beareavement and Biography. Mortality 1 7-25
Williams, J.M (1992) Psychological treatment of depression: a guide to the theory and practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Routledge.