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I CURRENTLY WORK IN AN EMERGENCY ROOM CARING FOR MENTAL HEALTH PATIENT’S THAT ARE ON INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT. I HAVE TO FIND A PSYCHIATRIC FACILITY TO ACCEPT THEM FOR ACUTE TREATMENT FOR VARIOUS ISSUES SUCH AS SUICIDAL IDEATIONS, AUDITORY AND OR VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS, PSYCHOSIS, BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS WITH YOUNG KIDS AND ADOLESCENTS, AND DRUG AND OR ALCOHOL ABUSE.Please read the following introduction and complete the following steps for your initial discussion post: Theory provides the basis of understanding the reality of nursing; it enables the nurse to understand why an event happens. Please share your thoughts about nursing theory.
Which nursing theory do you feel will have the greatest impact on your practice and why.
Is there an article that you particularly found most useful in utilizing theory in your area of practice?
Which of the units’ discussion questions did you find most challenging; discuss why you chose that one?
Which discussion did you find more useful to understand nursing theory and its application in your area of practice?
Supplement your discussion with personal and professional experiences.
Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis, and include peer reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format. Estimated time to complete: 2 hoursCONCEPTUAL MODELS AND GRAND THEORIES

Dorothea E. Orem’s Self care deficit theory in nursing

Self–care maintains wholeness.
Three Theories:

Theory of Self-Care
Theory of Self-Care Deficit
Theory of Nursing Systems

Nursing Care:

Wholly compensatory (doing for the patient)
Partly compensatory (helping the patient do for himself or herself)
Supportive- educative (Helping patient to learn self care and emphasizing on the importance of nurses’ role

Myra Estrin Levine’s: The conservation model
Proposed that the nurses use the principles of conservation of:

Client Energy
Personal integrity
Structural integrity
Social integrity

A conceptual model with three nursing theories –

Conservation
Redundancy
Therapeutic intention

Martha E.Roger’s: Science of unitary human beings

Person and environment are energy fields that evolve negentropically
Nursing is a basic scientific discipline
Nursing is using knowledge for human betterment.
The unique focus of nursing is on the unitary or irreducible human being and the environment (both are energy fields) rather than health and illness

Dorothy E.Johnson’s Behavioural system model

Individuals maintain stability and balance through adjustments and adaptation to the forces that impinges them.
Individual as a behavioural system is composed of seven subsystems: the subsystems of attachment, or the affiliative, dependency, achievement, aggressive, ingestive-eliminative and sexual.
Disturbances in these causes nursing problems.

Sister Callista: Roy‘s Adaptation model

Stimuli disrupt an adaptive system
The individual is a biopsychosocial adaptive system within an environment.
The individual and the environment provide three classes of stimuli-the focal, residual and contextual.
Through two adaptive mechanisms, regulator and cognator, an individual demonstrates adaptive responses or ineffective responses requiring nursing interventions

Betty Neuman’s : Health care systems model
Neuman’s model includes intrapersonal, interpersonal and extrapersonal stressors.
Nursing is concerned with the whole person.
Nursing actions (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary levels of prevention) focuses on the variables affecting the client’s response to stressors.

Imogene King’s Goal attainment theory

Transactions provide a frame of reference toward goal setting.
Major concepts (interaction, perception, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development)
Perceptions, Judgments and actions of the patient and the nurse lead to reaction, interaction, and transaction (process of nursing).

Nancy Roper, WW.Logan and A.J.Tierney A model for nursing based on a model of living

Individuality in living.
A conceptual model of nursing from which theory of goal attainment is derived.
Living is an amalgam of activities of living (ALs).
Most individuals experience significant life events which can affect ALs causing actual and potential problems.
This affects dependence – independence continuum which is bi-directional.
Nursing helps to maintain the individuality of person by preventing potential problems, solving actual problems and helping to cope.

Hildegard E. Peplau: Psychodynamic Nursing Theory

Interpersonal process is maturing force for personality.
Stressed the importance of nurses’ ability to understand own behaviour to help others identify perceived difficulties.
The four phases of nurse-patient relationships are:

1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitations
4. Resolution

The six nursing roles are:

1. Stranger
2. Resource person
3. Teacher
4. Leader
5. Surrogate
6. Counselor

Interpersonal process alleviates distress.

Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory

Nurses must stay connected to patients and assure that patients get what they need, focused on patient’s verbal and non verbal expressions of need and nurse’s reactions to patient’s behaviour to alleviate distress.
Elements of nursing situation:

Patient
Nurse reactions
Nursing actions

Joyce Travelbee’s Human To Human Relationship Model

Therapeutic human relationships.
Nursing is accomplished through human to human relationships that began with the original encounter and then progressed through stages of emerging identities.

Kathryn E. Barnard’s Parent Child Interaction Model

Growth and development of children and mother–infant relationships
Individual characteristics of each member influence the parent–infant system and adaptive behaviour modifies those characteristics to meet the needs of the system.

Ramona T.Mercer’s :Maternal Role Attainment
A complex theory to explain the factors impacting the development of maternal role over time.

Katharine Kolcaba’s Theory of comfort

Comfort is desirable holistic outcome of care.
Health care needs are needs (physical, psycho spiritual, social and environmental needs) for comfort, arising from stressful health care situations that cannot be met by recipients’ traditional support system.
Comfort measures include those nursing interventions designed to address the specific comfort needs.

Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural nursing, culture-care theory

Caring is universal and varies transculturally.
Major concepts include care, caring, culture, cultural values and cultural variations
Caring serves to ameliorate or improve human conditions and life base.
Care is the essence and the dominant, distinctive and unifying feature of nursing

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s :Theory of human becoming

Indivisible beings and environment co-create health.
A theory of nursing derived from Roger’s conceptual model.
Clients are open, mutual and in constant interaction with environment.
The nurse assists the client in interaction with the environment and co creating health

Nola J.Pender’s :The Health promotion; model

Promoting optimum health supersedes disease prevention.
Identifies cognitive, perceptual factors in clients which are modified by demographical and biological characteristics, interpersonal influences, situational and behavioural factors that help predict in health promoting behaviour