The three types of qualitative research are phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research. Compare the differences and similarities between two of the three types of qualitative studies and give an example of each.
Sample Solution
98.7% for the response. The obtained maximum MC-LR removal efficiency was 98% under the optimum conditions. The prepared nanocomposite was approved as a promising nano-photocatalyst for MC-LR removal under visible-light irradiation. The BiVO4/TiO2 as an important nano-catalyst with technological potential can be used directly in environmental preservation, specifically in the decontamination of MC-LR from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), BiVO4/TiO2, Nanocomposite, Hydrothermal, Photocatalysis, Visible light Introduction Cyanobacteria are a group of microalgae that are known as the oldest oxygen-producing organisms (3.5 billion years) and called blue-green algae, Myxophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Cyanophyta [1,2]. Many cyanobacteria produce a wide variety of toxins (cyanotoxins) include Hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatoxins and irritant toxins [3]. Among them, Hepatotoxins are the most prevalent cyanobacterial toxins [4,5] that are included microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins [1]. Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins produced by the number of planktonic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Planktothrix, and Microcystis [6]. These toxins are very soluble in water and based on their two variable amino acids have more than 80 variants [7,8]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) has a special concern to 4 MCs (LR, RR, YR, and LA). The main structural difference between these is the replacement of single amino acids [9]. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is one of the most studied cyanotoxins due to its toxicity and abundant [10]. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) is recommended a limit of 1 μg/L for total MC-LR for water for human consumptions [11]. MCs cause poisoning for livestock and wildlife and also pose a health hazard for humans through of the drinking water [12]. When MCs ingest orally absorb to hepatocytes and prohibit protein phosphatase, subsequently resulted in cell structures disruption, intrahepatic hemorrhage, and death [13]. In 1996 MC-LR was responsible for the death of least fifty Brazilian kidney dialysis patients [14]. Also, Huisman et al. reported the episodes including skin and respiratory irritations,gastrointestinal disease among swimmers on the Queensland coast from 1996-1998, and a further prevalence of illness among hemodialysis patients in 2001 [15]. Various techniques have suggested for the cyanobacteria cells and MCs control in drinking water, such as coagulation, flocculation, filtration, activated carbon, nanofiltration, oxidation processes and etc. [16,17]. Recently, in order to remove these toxins in raw waters, more studies have focused on the application of advanced oxidation processes using (AOPs) such as UV/H2O2 [18], Fenton regents [19-20], and>
98.7% for the response. The obtained maximum MC-LR removal efficiency was 98% under the optimum conditions. The prepared nanocomposite was approved as a promising nano-photocatalyst for MC-LR removal under visible-light irradiation. The BiVO4/TiO2 as an important nano-catalyst with technological potential can be used directly in environmental preservation, specifically in the decontamination of MC-LR from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), BiVO4/TiO2, Nanocomposite, Hydrothermal, Photocatalysis, Visible light Introduction Cyanobacteria are a group of microalgae that are known as the oldest oxygen-producing organisms (3.5 billion years) and called blue-green algae, Myxophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Cyanophyta [1,2]. Many cyanobacteria produce a wide variety of toxins (cyanotoxins) include Hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatoxins and irritant toxins [3]. Among them, Hepatotoxins are the most prevalent cyanobacterial toxins [4,5] that are included microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins [1]. Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins produced by the number of planktonic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Planktothrix, and Microcystis [6]. These toxins are very soluble in water and based on their two variable amino acids have more than 80 variants [7,8]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) has a special concern to 4 MCs (LR, RR, YR, and LA). The main structural difference between these is the replacement of single amino acids [9]. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is one of the most studied cyanotoxins due to its toxicity and abundant [10]. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) is recommended a limit of 1 μg/L for total MC-LR for water for human consumptions [11]. MCs cause poisoning for livestock and wildlife and also pose a health hazard for humans through of the drinking water [12]. When MCs ingest orally absorb to hepatocytes and prohibit protein phosphatase, subsequently resulted in cell structures disruption, intrahepatic hemorrhage, and death [13]. In 1996 MC-LR was responsible for the death of least fifty Brazilian kidney dialysis patients [14]. Also, Huisman et al. reported the episodes including skin and respiratory irritations,gastrointestinal disease among swimmers on the Queensland coast from 1996-1998, and a further prevalence of illness among hemodialysis patients in 2001 [15]. Various techniques have suggested for the cyanobacteria cells and MCs control in drinking water, such as coagulation, flocculation, filtration, activated carbon, nanofiltration, oxidation processes and etc. [16,17]. Recently, in order to remove these toxins in raw waters, more studies have focused on the application of advanced oxidation processes using (AOPs) such as UV/H2O2 [18], Fenton regents [19-20], and>
