Discussion 4 Population Case Management in Action
Discussion
Identify a situational constraint that might prevent a client from following through on a referral to an outside agency. Discuss how the case manager can take action to eliminate or minimize the effect of the constraint so that the client can benefit from the intervention.
Goals
After completing this module, you will be able to do the following:
⢠Develop a case management plan for the health needs of the children described in the case study.
⢠Describe how biophysical, psychological, environmental, sociocultural, behavioral, and health system factors influence the needs of the population being studied.
⢠Evaluate the case management plan for the population studied.
Overview
This module serves as a capstone exercise for the Population Case Management aspect of this course. The previous three modules have examined the role of the Advanced Public Health Nurse in case management. You have examined case management, population health management, and disease management. Case management models have been examined. The standards and principles of case management have been explored as well as the competencies and functions of case managers. The population health nurse is faced with ethical and legal issues in case management and you have been provided the opportunity to explore those issues and determine how to successfully navigate those concerns. As a population health nurse, you will function as an individual or population case manager employing the nursing process in designing plans and systems of care. Through exploring the elements of the case management process, you have successfully assessed, planned, implemented, and evaluated case management services.
This module will demonstrate your ability to put population case management into action. The professional development exercise for this module is the case study âPopulation Case Management in Actionâ on page 301 of your text for this course.
Learning Materials
⢠Chapter 12 – Clark, M. (2015). Population and community health nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
⢠Case Management Society of Americaâs Standards of Practice for Case Management (2016).
⢠Engelke, M. K., Swanson, M., & Guttu, M. (2014). Process and outcomes of school nurse case management for students with asthma. The Journal of School Nursing, 30(3), 196-205.
Sample Solution
1. Presentation Since the plastic shopping pack was presented in 1957, it has turns into a fundamental piece of life today. Notwithstanding normal things like advanced cells, autos or inexpensive food, plastic shopping packs are natural and utilized by everybody in Australia. Practically all stocks from groceries and take â away sustenance, drink to attire and equipment utilize plastic shopping sacks to convey. It is evaluated that individuals everywhere throughout the world use from 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic consistently (Clapp and Swanston 2009). This is proportional to 2.7 billion consistently, or 1.9 million consistently. What’s more, roughly 6.9 billion plastic sacks are utilized by Australian purchasers consistently. Plastic shopping sacks are given by most retailers in Australia to assist buyers with holding their items they purchase. While the principle goal of purchasers is utilizing these plastic shopping packs is to convey merchandise from the stores to the vehicle and into their home , they are frequently re-utilized by customers for different purposes, for example, lining family unit waste receptacles. The accommodation of plastic shopping sacks for their unique design is once in a while questionable. In any case, these sacks make unattractive junk, utilize constrained assets, are one of the wellsprings of waste from landfill, take numerous years to deteriorate, cause damage to creatures, and become an image of a ‘disposable’ society. The motivation behind this exploration paper is to investigation existing arrangements about plastic shopping sack confinement in Australia. 2. Foundation and Literature survey As per Hyder Consulting (2008), there are two noteworthy sorts of plastic shopping packs which are utilized in Australia: ‘Singlet’ sacks, or lightweight plastic packs, made of high thickness polyethylene (HDPE) â utilized for the most part in general stores, crisp produce, accommodation stores and remove nourishment outlets, and other non-marked applications. ‘Boutique’ packs made of low thickness polyethylene (LDPE) â typically marked and utilized by stores selling higher worth merchandise, for example, retail establishments, apparel and shoe outlets. Over the previous decade, consideration of governmental issues has focused on diminishing the utilization of plastic shopping sacks for an assortment of reasons. They are unsafe to creatures and the earth and decrease the appeal of urban, country and common landscape. Plastic packs and garbage of sacks can remain in the earth for many years. Plastic sacks are additionally a pointless consumable image. There are various recommendations proposed to diminish or stop the utilization of plastic sacks, including plastic packs, presenting demand an expense on production of plastic sacks and utilizing choices, with qualities and shortcomings. For instance, as indicated by Hyder Consulting (2008), late elective swap life cycles for plastic sacks, for example, the present age of decomposers, have discovered various options that greaterly affect condition in correlation with lightweight plastic packs. There are a few reasons why it has been proposed that plastic shopping packs ought to be decreased. Halweil (2004) demonstrated that man individuals consider plastic shopping packs as a misuse of characteristic assets since they are produced using non-inexhaustible assets, for example, unrefined petroleum, flammable gas and other petro compound subsidiaries, are typically superfluous. What’s more, Williams (2004) contended that in a great deal of circumstances, numerous individuals utilize plastic shopping sacks just one time. In addtion, as per Hyder Consulting (2008), there is a key explanation behind the devaluation of plastic shopping sacks. It is that a large number of them are not discarded appropriately and they become unattractive litter which can live long ashore or in the water for many years. While almost 30-40 million plastic shopping packs were littered in 2007, the Keep Australia Beautiful National Litter Index 2006/2007 demonstrated that HDPE plastic sacks represented just 1.3% of the litter stream by thing (barring cigarette butts) and 0.18% of the litter stream by volume (barring cigarette butts). It was discovered that “shorelines had the most plastic packs, of the shorelines reviewed by keep Australia Beautiful, 2.9 plastic sacks were found per 1,000 square meters” (Hyder Consulting 2008, p. 22). Another purpose behind the need to decrease plastic shopping packs is that they are perilous to untamed life. Jefic, Sheavly and Adler (2009) called attention to that plastic shopping sacks can do mischief or murder widely varied vegetation that eat, or become ensnared in them. Williams (2004) gave a model that turtles kicked the bucket due to ingesting plastic sacks, in all likelihood the plastic packs look like jellyfish skimming in the water. Another model is that a crocodile which was gotten at Magnetic Island in Queensland in October 2008 passed on as a result of eating plastic sacks, which were stuck in its stomach, which means it couldn’t process its nourishment. Its necropsy uncovered “25 plastic shopping abd trash packs, a plastic wine cooler sack and an elastic buoy in its stomach” (Queensland Government 2008). In addtion, Sustainability Victoria (2010) represented plastic shopping packs as “a transient accommodation with long haul impacts”. Notwithstanding the way that plastic shopping packs are made to be “single use”, Lapidos (2007) thought about that plastic shopping sacks have a future of as long as 1,000 years. Additionally, numerous individuals feel that plastic shopping packs are representative of inefficient society. The Hon Jane Davidson AM, the Welsh Environment Minister (2009) depicted plastic shopping sacks as “a notable image of the cast off society we currently appear to live in”. Wilton (refered to in Williams 2004), a waste campaigner for Friends of the Earth in London, likewise said “plastic bearer packs are representative of a general public in which we use things without intuition and after that discard them”. Also, as indicated by Caroline Williams in New Scientist in 2004, the plastic pack industry guaranteed that it is being focused by tree huggers since plastic sacks are ” a simple and emotive objective that panders to our blame about general natural recklessness”. 3. Issue definition Individuals living in Australia utilize around 6.9 billion new plastic shopping sacks every year. At the end of the day, every individual utilize one pack in multi day. The issues of plastic shopping sacks are controlled by two factors that are in all likelihood similarly significant. Most importantly, there are worries about the natural effects of plastic shopping sacks, particularly impacts on the utilization of assets and litter. Lewis et al. (2002) expressed that the production of 6.9 billion plastic shopping packs uses roughly 36850 tons of plastic, or 2% of complete plastics delivered in Australia every year. This is a slight level of the whole measure of bundling utilized in Australia consistently, which is assessed to associate with 3 million tons 1 . There is an estimation that plastic shopping packs represent 2.02% of all things in the litter stream. Be that as it may, they present genuine environmental effects and dangers and all things considered should be successfully tended to together with different parts of the litter stream. The second factor that are important to know about in the contention about plastic shopping packs is representative worth. The plastics and bundling businesses are under extraordinary weight during the 1970s and 1980s since ‘they had turned into a politically mistaken image of the danger to the earth’ (Byars 1995). A social examination of plastics in the United States showed that by definition the plastics business was the entire thing which activists in biology needed to erase from the American experience. Since the mid twentieth century, individuals who advance the modern science and manufactured materials had boasted about going past age-old cutoff points of temporary materials by spreading the control of science over nature. During the 1920s, forecasts of a creating stream of ease man-made products had recommended material bounty as the establishment for an idealistic social balance. By the last third of the century that amazing quality took steps to deplete characteristic assets and debase the general public that upheld it by making a surge of hopeless, unsuitable materials â waste, society’s fertilizer. (Meikle 1995). Somewhat the worries about the huge number of plastic shopping sacks, which are utilized by individuals living in Australia, and their abnormal state of perceivability in household waste and litter, are normal for a lot more extensive worries about plastics and bundling. This does not imply that worries about plastic shopping packs are any less pivotal or requesting from an arrangement perspective. Be that as it may, it has the implying that the development of approach arrangements needs to think about the issues of society and culture just as the realities of science about effects on the earth. Approach measures to diminish usage (or effects) of shopping packs are to be required to be generally welcomed in the network. Plentiful measures to take care of the plastic sack issue have been expanded as of late. These measures are different and incorporate components, for example, enacted measures like requires and bans; intentional estimates, for example, retailer began activities and created Code of Practice; raised buyer training; and extended recuperation and reusing. 4. Existing Policies The strategy “Eliminate of lightweight plastic sacks in Australia” is being pursued at neighborhood and state/an area level instead of broadly. In this arrangement, plastic sack bans are executed or unsure in all states and regions with the exception of New South Wales. Cormack (2016) noticed that natural gatherings have communicated their advantage that Australia was falling behind different nations in the “eliminate of lightweight plastic packs”, including Botswana, Somalia and Tanzania. The creator additionally shown that of the 5 billion plastic packs devoured each year by Australians, 150 million completed as litter. As indicated by Mail and Guardian in 2003, the Tasmanian town of Coles Bay was the main area in Australia to boycott plastic packs. Fenele>
1. Presentation Since the plastic shopping pack was presented in 1957, it has turns into a fundamental piece of life today. Notwithstanding normal things like advanced cells, autos or inexpensive food, plastic shopping packs are natural and utilized by everybody in Australia. Practically all stocks from groceries and take â away sustenance, drink to attire and equipment utilize plastic shopping sacks to convey. It is evaluated that individuals everywhere throughout the world use from 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic consistently (Clapp and Swanston 2009). This is proportional to 2.7 billion consistently, or 1.9 million consistently. What’s more, roughly 6.9 billion plastic sacks are utilized by Australian purchasers consistently. Plastic shopping sacks are given by most retailers in Australia to assist buyers with holding their items they purchase. While the principle goal of purchasers is utilizing these plastic shopping packs is to convey merchandise from the stores to the vehicle and into their home , they are frequently re-utilized by customers for different purposes, for example, lining family unit waste receptacles. The accommodation of plastic shopping sacks for their unique design is once in a while questionable. In any case, these sacks make unattractive junk, utilize constrained assets, are one of the wellsprings of waste from landfill, take numerous years to deteriorate, cause damage to creatures, and become an image of a ‘disposable’ society. The motivation behind this exploration paper is to investigation existing arrangements about plastic shopping sack confinement in Australia. 2. Foundation and Literature survey As per Hyder Consulting (2008), there are two noteworthy sorts of plastic shopping packs which are utilized in Australia: ‘Singlet’ sacks, or lightweight plastic packs, made of high thickness polyethylene (HDPE) â utilized for the most part in general stores, crisp produce, accommodation stores and remove nourishment outlets, and other non-marked applications. ‘Boutique’ packs made of low thickness polyethylene (LDPE) â typically marked and utilized by stores selling higher worth merchandise, for example, retail establishments, apparel and shoe outlets. Over the previous decade, consideration of governmental issues has focused on diminishing the utilization of plastic shopping sacks for an assortment of reasons. They are unsafe to creatures and the earth and decrease the appeal of urban, country and common landscape. Plastic packs and garbage of sacks can remain in the earth for many years. Plastic sacks are additionally a pointless consumable image. There are various recommendations proposed to diminish or stop the utilization of plastic sacks, including plastic packs, presenting demand an expense on production of plastic sacks and utilizing choices, with qualities and shortcomings. For instance, as indicated by Hyder Consulting (2008), late elective swap life cycles for plastic sacks, for example, the present age of decomposers, have discovered various options that greaterly affect condition in correlation with lightweight plastic packs. There are a few reasons why it has been proposed that plastic shopping packs ought to be decreased. Halweil (2004) demonstrated that man individuals consider plastic shopping packs as a misuse of characteristic assets since they are produced using non-inexhaustible assets, for example, unrefined petroleum, flammable gas and other petro compound subsidiaries, are typically superfluous. What’s more, Williams (2004) contended that in a great deal of circumstances, numerous individuals utilize plastic shopping sacks just one time. In addtion, as per Hyder Consulting (2008), there is a key explanation behind the devaluation of plastic shopping sacks. It is that a large number of them are not discarded appropriately and they become unattractive litter which can live long ashore or in the water for many years. While almost 30-40 million plastic shopping packs were littered in 2007, the Keep Australia Beautiful National Litter Index 2006/2007 demonstrated that HDPE plastic sacks represented just 1.3% of the litter stream by thing (barring cigarette butts) and 0.18% of the litter stream by volume (barring cigarette butts). It was discovered that “shorelines had the most plastic packs, of the shorelines reviewed by keep Australia Beautiful, 2.9 plastic sacks were found per 1,000 square meters” (Hyder Consulting 2008, p. 22). Another purpose behind the need to decrease plastic shopping packs is that they are perilous to untamed life. Jefic, Sheavly and Adler (2009) called attention to that plastic shopping sacks can do mischief or murder widely varied vegetation that eat, or become ensnared in them. Williams (2004) gave a model that turtles kicked the bucket due to ingesting plastic sacks, in all likelihood the plastic packs look like jellyfish skimming in the water. Another model is that a crocodile which was gotten at Magnetic Island in Queensland in October 2008 passed on as a result of eating plastic sacks, which were stuck in its stomach, which means it couldn’t process its nourishment. Its necropsy uncovered “25 plastic shopping abd trash packs, a plastic wine cooler sack and an elastic buoy in its stomach” (Queensland Government 2008). In addtion, Sustainability Victoria (2010) represented plastic shopping packs as “a transient accommodation with long haul impacts”. Notwithstanding the way that plastic shopping packs are made to be “single use”, Lapidos (2007) thought about that plastic shopping sacks have a future of as long as 1,000 years. Additionally, numerous individuals feel that plastic shopping packs are representative of inefficient society. The Hon Jane Davidson AM, the Welsh Environment Minister (2009) depicted plastic shopping sacks as “a notable image of the cast off society we currently appear to live in”. Wilton (refered to in Williams 2004), a waste campaigner for Friends of the Earth in London, likewise said “plastic bearer packs are representative of a general public in which we use things without intuition and after that discard them”. Also, as indicated by Caroline Williams in New Scientist in 2004, the plastic pack industry guaranteed that it is being focused by tree huggers since plastic sacks are ” a simple and emotive objective that panders to our blame about general natural recklessness”. 3. Issue definition Individuals living in Australia utilize around 6.9 billion new plastic shopping sacks every year. At the end of the day, every individual utilize one pack in multi day. The issues of plastic shopping sacks are controlled by two factors that are in all likelihood similarly significant. Most importantly, there are worries about the natural effects of plastic shopping sacks, particularly impacts on the utilization of assets and litter. Lewis et al. (2002) expressed that the production of 6.9 billion plastic shopping packs uses roughly 36850 tons of plastic, or 2% of complete plastics delivered in Australia every year. This is a slight level of the whole measure of bundling utilized in Australia consistently, which is assessed to associate with 3 million tons 1 . There is an estimation that plastic shopping packs represent 2.02% of all things in the litter stream. Be that as it may, they present genuine environmental effects and dangers and all things considered should be successfully tended to together with different parts of the litter stream. The second factor that are important to know about in the contention about plastic shopping packs is representative worth. The plastics and bundling businesses are under extraordinary weight during the 1970s and 1980s since ‘they had turned into a politically mistaken image of the danger to the earth’ (Byars 1995). A social examination of plastics in the United States showed that by definition the plastics business was the entire thing which activists in biology needed to erase from the American experience. Since the mid twentieth century, individuals who advance the modern science and manufactured materials had boasted about going past age-old cutoff points of temporary materials by spreading the control of science over nature. During the 1920s, forecasts of a creating stream of ease man-made products had recommended material bounty as the establishment for an idealistic social balance. By the last third of the century that amazing quality took steps to deplete characteristic assets and debase the general public that upheld it by making a surge of hopeless, unsuitable materials â waste, society’s fertilizer. (Meikle 1995). Somewhat the worries about the huge number of plastic shopping sacks, which are utilized by individuals living in Australia, and their abnormal state of perceivability in household waste and litter, are normal for a lot more extensive worries about plastics and bundling. This does not imply that worries about plastic shopping packs are any less pivotal or requesting from an arrangement perspective. Be that as it may, it has the implying that the development of approach arrangements needs to think about the issues of society and culture just as the realities of science about effects on the earth. Approach measures to diminish usage (or effects) of shopping packs are to be required to be generally welcomed in the network. Plentiful measures to take care of the plastic sack issue have been expanded as of late. These measures are different and incorporate components, for example, enacted measures like requires and bans; intentional estimates, for example, retailer began activities and created Code of Practice; raised buyer training; and extended recuperation and reusing. 4. Existing Policies The strategy “Eliminate of lightweight plastic sacks in Australia” is being pursued at neighborhood and state/an area level instead of broadly. In this arrangement, plastic sack bans are executed or unsure in all states and regions with the exception of New South Wales. Cormack (2016) noticed that natural gatherings have communicated their advantage that Australia was falling behind different nations in the “eliminate of lightweight plastic packs”, including Botswana, Somalia and Tanzania. The creator additionally shown that of the 5 billion plastic packs devoured each year by Australians, 150 million completed as litter. As indicated by Mail and Guardian in 2003, the Tasmanian town of Coles Bay was the main area in Australia to boycott plastic packs. Fenele>
