Performance management is an important HRM function as it involves the actions taken to align employee performance with organizational objectives. Read Chapter 6 of the course text and after reading the article Ten Biggest Mistakes Bosses Make in Performance Reviews (Both sources attached) discuss three mistakes you have experienced or witnessed in the workplace. What would be your recommendations to correct these mistakes? Explain how your recommendations would contribute to effective performance management. Your initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. Cite at least one scholarly source to support your response.
Sample Solution
End-organize renal malady and kidney transplantation The kidney is liable for sifting waste and expels abundance of water from your body. At the point when the capacity of the kidneys is beneath 10% of the typical capacity this is alluded to as end-organize renal infection (ESRD). Diabetes, hypertension and ceaseless kidney sickness are the most well-known reasons for ESRD (1)(2). Certain immune system conditions, as ANCA related vasculitis (AAV) and fundamental lupus erythematodes (SLE) additionally add to the advancement of ESRD, as an outcome of dynamic glomerulonephritis (3)(4). Two medicines for ESRD are accessible: dialysis and kidney transplantation. Dialysis sift the loss through of the blood and takes around three to four hours, three times each week. In this way, the favored technique for treatment is renal transplantation, which is trading the sick kidney for a sound contributor organ. Transplantation improves the personal satisfaction and builds endurance, contrasted with patients with long haul dialysis treatment(5). Human leukocyte antigen framework and dismissal In any case, a significant issue after transplantation is dismissal. The resistant framework has successful reactions to non-self antigens and this system is likewise associated with the dismissal of transplanted organs. The transplanted organ is perceived as remote by the beneficiary’s insusceptible framework. Dismissal is principally founded on a safe reaction against significant histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloantigens, which are antigens of an unmistakable cell type from similar species. Immune system microorganisms can perceive the MHC allopeptides legitimately on surface of contributor antigen displaying cells (APC), yet additionally in a roundabout way after the peptides are disguised and prepared by beneficiary APCs as self-confined allopeptides (Figure 1)(6). In the end, the T-cells will react and annihilate the benefactor cells, which is called T cell intervened dismissal (TCMR). In people, MHC is alluded to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) framework. HLA encodes for self-acknowledgment atoms that are available on the outside of nucleated cells and are basic for the guideline of the invulnerable framework. The HLA framework is one of the most polymorphic hereditary frameworks and can be separated in various classes(7). The HLA class I quality creates the peptides HLA-A,- B and – C and these are available on each substantial cell. The HLA class II quality delivers the peptides HLA-DR, – DQ and – DP and these are available on antigen displaying cells, similar to B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells and monocytes, implying that APCs have six distinctive HLA particles (Table 1). To forestall dismissal, beneficiaries and benefactors will be coordinated for their HLA qualities. HLA-DR, trailed by HLA-B and â An are the most grounded determinants for an allogeneic reaction (9). Counter acting agent interceded dismissal and contributor explicit antibodies The initiation of the humoral alloimmuneresponse, likewise called immune response interceded dismissal (AMR), is one of the significant reasons for intense and ceaseless allograft brokenness and join misfortune (10). AMR may happen when the beneficiary can deliver contributor explicit alloantibodies (DSA), most usually coordinated against giver HLA (11). People that have been presented to non-self HLA particles before and created HLA-explicit antibodies are called ‘sharpened’. Hazard factors for HLA sharpening are pregnancy, blood transfusions, and past organ transplantation (12). Past transplantation has the most grounded vaccinating impacts on both HLA classes, trailed by pregnancy and afterward transfusion(13). Sharpening following transplant disappointment is affected by upkeep of immunosuppression, and transplant nephrectomy. Refinement builds following expulsion of a bombed kidney allograft(14). An investigation of 69 patients with join disappointment and prompt withdrawal of immunosuppression demonstrated no distinction in DSA at the hour of disappointment (~15%)(15). Following 150 days 48 patients had an allograft nephrectomy and the nearness of DSA in these patients expanded to 35%. Inside 5 days following nephrectomy, the DSA rate expanded to 66% and finally follow-up it was 81%. Contrasted with the patients without nephrectomy, these increments were essentially higher(52%). Another study demonstrated that diminishing immunosuppression, free of nephrectomy, prompts HLA sensitization(16). MHC area Tissue area HLA quality Alleles HLA class I Nucleated cells A 3356 B 4179 C 2902 HLA class II Antigen exhibiting cells DRA 7 DRB(1-9) 1976 DQA1 55 DQB1 900 DPA1 43 DPB1 630 All over again DSA and non-HLA DSA Up to 30 % of transplant beneficiaries have HLA-antibodies, yet advancement of once more contributor explicit antibodies (dnDSA) likewise happens in 8-25% of beneficiaries after transplantation(18)(19). The improvement of dnDSA is likewise associated with poor join results, and intense and interminable rejection(20). Most of dnDSA are coordinated against class II antigens, particularly DQ, which additionally makes a DQ confound a hazard factor for creating dnDSA(21). Other than HLA-explicit DSA, there are likewise antibodies coordinated toward other benefactor explicit antigens, as MHC class I related chain A (MICA) and B (MICB) (10,11). In beneficiaries who were generally well-coordinated for HLA, these antibodies may add to allograft loss(22). Pathogenesis The instrument essentially answerable for AMR is the actuation of the old style pathway of the supplement framework by the antigen-counter acting agent complex (23). Official of DSAs to HLA on the contributor cell can start this pathway. The old style pathway is activated by enactment of the C1-complex, which is made out of one C1q particle, two C1r atoms and two C1s atoms. C1q can tie the Fc district of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG subclasses 1 and 3 antibodies, which are the subclasses considered to have the most grounded supplement actuating properties (24). At the point when these Fc districts tie the C1 complex, conformational changes in the C1q atom lead to the initiation of C1r particles, which can cut C1s. C1s parts C4 and afterward C2, delivering C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b. A debasement result of C4 is C4d, which ties at the site of the supplement enactment, for the most part the vascular endothelium in the renal allograft (Figure 2). C4b and C2a together structure the C3-convertase, which cleavages C3 into C3a and C3b. C3b together with the C4bC2a complex structures C5-convertase, which changes over C5 into C5a and C5b. In the end the grouping of supplement factors C5b-C9 prompts the development of a film assault complex (MAC), which causes osmotic lysis of the contributor cell(23). This will harm the endothelium and in the end the giver organ. The Fc areas of the DSA can likewise be perceived by Natural Killer (NK)- cells, which can instigate cell lysis through counter acting agent subordinate cell-interceded cytotoxicity. Patients with supplement restricting DSA after transplantation have the most noteworthy danger of unite misfortune, contrasted with patients with non-supplement restricting DSA and patients without DSA (25). In any case, DSAs are likewise connected with non-AMR rejection(26). In any case, the nearness of DSAs are identified with interminable join brokenness, unite misfortune and beneficiary demise (26). The job of IgM DSA in dismissal isn’t clear. They have all the earmarks of being related with diminished endurance of the allograft (27). Nonetheless, another study found that an IgM reaction alone didn’t influence allograft misfortune, yet dismissals gave off an impression of being more severe(28). For this angle, extra research must be finished. DSA screening Since DSAs are related with a high danger of transplant dismissal, screening of DSA in the beneficiaries serum will be done before transplantation. A few tests are produced for DSA screening. The supplement subordinate cytotoxicity cross-coordinate (CDC-XM) measure was set up for profoundly delicate discovery of DSAs to beneficiary HLAs(29). The serum of the beneficiary will be crossmatched with contributor lymphocytes. At that point supplement will be included and thusly supplement fixing DSAs in the serum can be identified. Despite the fact that the supplement obsession is utilized as read-out, because of the utilization of hare serum as a wellspring of supplement, the outcomes are not completely intelligent for the human supplement fixing limit of DSAs(7). Since human IgG2 is exceptionally viable in the actuation of bunny supplement, DSA subclass and CDC-XM results may not generally correlate(30). The advancement of high-throughput, single-antigen, globule based measures is a significant device for recognizing patients with supplement fixing DSAs(25). Luminex single antigen globule (SAB) innovation is an increasingly delicate strategy, whereby filtered HLA antigens are bound to dormant dabs, impregnated with fluoropores (31). On the off chance that DSAs are available in the serum, they will tie to the covered HLA antigens on the fitting dabs and to supplement factor C1q. This coupling can be distinguished with a conjugated auxiliary immune response explicit for human IgG and C4d, that will hasten on the dab, if C1q is bound. The blend of the fluorescence signals from each globule, demonstrating the HLA explicitness, and the auxiliary reagent, showing the bound HLA explicit antibodies, can be estimated with the Luminex framework (32). Memory and other B cells Notwithstanding screening examines, at times patients experience allograft dismissal when no alloantibodies were obvious during screening. Han et al. decided HLA immune response specificities of ex vivo initiated B cells. Supernatants of filtered B-cells, refined with a murine cell line communicating human CD40L, were focused and surveyed with Luminex SAB assays(33). DSAs were found in 13 of 16 transplant beneficiaries, whereby a sum of 50 DSA found by Luminex, coordinated 35 found in the serum. 11 DSAs were recognized in serum, yet not in the supernatant. Comparative tests were performed by other look into groups(34)(35)(36). These examinations raised that memory B cells coordinated against HLA antigens can be available, notwithstanding imperceptible degrees of serum antibodies towards these antigens. These memory B cells may get actuated>
End-organize renal malady and kidney transplantation The kidney is liable for sifting waste and expels abundance of water from your body. At the point when the capacity of the kidneys is beneath 10% of the typical capacity this is alluded to as end-organize renal infection (ESRD). Diabetes, hypertension and ceaseless kidney sickness are the most well-known reasons for ESRD (1)(2). Certain immune system conditions, as ANCA related vasculitis (AAV) and fundamental lupus erythematodes (SLE) additionally add to the advancement of ESRD, as an outcome of dynamic glomerulonephritis (3)(4). Two medicines for ESRD are accessible: dialysis and kidney transplantation. Dialysis sift the loss through of the blood and takes around three to four hours, three times each week. In this way, the favored technique for treatment is renal transplantation, which is trading the sick kidney for a sound contributor organ. Transplantation improves the personal satisfaction and builds endurance, contrasted with patients with long haul dialysis treatment(5). Human leukocyte antigen framework and dismissal In any case, a significant issue after transplantation is dismissal. The resistant framework has successful reactions to non-self antigens and this system is likewise associated with the dismissal of transplanted organs. The transplanted organ is perceived as remote by the beneficiary’s insusceptible framework. Dismissal is principally founded on a safe reaction against significant histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloantigens, which are antigens of an unmistakable cell type from similar species. Immune system microorganisms can perceive the MHC allopeptides legitimately on surface of contributor antigen displaying cells (APC), yet additionally in a roundabout way after the peptides are disguised and prepared by beneficiary APCs as self-confined allopeptides (Figure 1)(6). In the end, the T-cells will react and annihilate the benefactor cells, which is called T cell intervened dismissal (TCMR). In people, MHC is alluded to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) framework. HLA encodes for self-acknowledgment atoms that are available on the outside of nucleated cells and are basic for the guideline of the invulnerable framework. The HLA framework is one of the most polymorphic hereditary frameworks and can be separated in various classes(7). The HLA class I quality creates the peptides HLA-A,- B and – C and these are available on each substantial cell. The HLA class II quality delivers the peptides HLA-DR, – DQ and – DP and these are available on antigen displaying cells, similar to B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells and monocytes, implying that APCs have six distinctive HLA particles (Table 1). To forestall dismissal, beneficiaries and benefactors will be coordinated for their HLA qualities. HLA-DR, trailed by HLA-B and â An are the most grounded determinants for an allogeneic reaction (9). Counter acting agent interceded dismissal and contributor explicit antibodies The initiation of the humoral alloimmuneresponse, likewise called immune response interceded dismissal (AMR), is one of the significant reasons for intense and ceaseless allograft brokenness and join misfortune (10). AMR may happen when the beneficiary can deliver contributor explicit alloantibodies (DSA), most usually coordinated against giver HLA (11). People that have been presented to non-self HLA particles before and created HLA-explicit antibodies are called ‘sharpened’. Hazard factors for HLA sharpening are pregnancy, blood transfusions, and past organ transplantation (12). Past transplantation has the most grounded vaccinating impacts on both HLA classes, trailed by pregnancy and afterward transfusion(13). Sharpening following transplant disappointment is affected by upkeep of immunosuppression, and transplant nephrectomy. Refinement builds following expulsion of a bombed kidney allograft(14). An investigation of 69 patients with join disappointment and prompt withdrawal of immunosuppression demonstrated no distinction in DSA at the hour of disappointment (~15%)(15). Following 150 days 48 patients had an allograft nephrectomy and the nearness of DSA in these patients expanded to 35%. Inside 5 days following nephrectomy, the DSA rate expanded to 66% and finally follow-up it was 81%. Contrasted with the patients without nephrectomy, these increments were essentially higher(52%). Another study demonstrated that diminishing immunosuppression, free of nephrectomy, prompts HLA sensitization(16). MHC area Tissue area HLA quality Alleles HLA class I Nucleated cells A 3356 B 4179 C 2902 HLA class II Antigen exhibiting cells DRA 7 DRB(1-9) 1976 DQA1 55 DQB1 900 DPA1 43 DPB1 630 All over again DSA and non-HLA DSA Up to 30 % of transplant beneficiaries have HLA-antibodies, yet advancement of once more contributor explicit antibodies (dnDSA) likewise happens in 8-25% of beneficiaries after transplantation(18)(19). The improvement of dnDSA is likewise associated with poor join results, and intense and interminable rejection(20). Most of dnDSA are coordinated against class II antigens, particularly DQ, which additionally makes a DQ confound a hazard factor for creating dnDSA(21). Other than HLA-explicit DSA, there are likewise antibodies coordinated toward other benefactor explicit antigens, as MHC class I related chain A (MICA) and B (MICB) (10,11). In beneficiaries who were generally well-coordinated for HLA, these antibodies may add to allograft loss(22). Pathogenesis The instrument essentially answerable for AMR is the actuation of the old style pathway of the supplement framework by the antigen-counter acting agent complex (23). Official of DSAs to HLA on the contributor cell can start this pathway. The old style pathway is activated by enactment of the C1-complex, which is made out of one C1q particle, two C1r atoms and two C1s atoms. C1q can tie the Fc district of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG subclasses 1 and 3 antibodies, which are the subclasses considered to have the most grounded supplement actuating properties (24). At the point when these Fc districts tie the C1 complex, conformational changes in the C1q atom lead to the initiation of C1r particles, which can cut C1s. C1s parts C4 and afterward C2, delivering C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b. A debasement result of C4 is C4d, which ties at the site of the supplement enactment, for the most part the vascular endothelium in the renal allograft (Figure 2). C4b and C2a together structure the C3-convertase, which cleavages C3 into C3a and C3b. C3b together with the C4bC2a complex structures C5-convertase, which changes over C5 into C5a and C5b. In the end the grouping of supplement factors C5b-C9 prompts the development of a film assault complex (MAC), which causes osmotic lysis of the contributor cell(23). This will harm the endothelium and in the end the giver organ. The Fc areas of the DSA can likewise be perceived by Natural Killer (NK)- cells, which can instigate cell lysis through counter acting agent subordinate cell-interceded cytotoxicity. Patients with supplement restricting DSA after transplantation have the most noteworthy danger of unite misfortune, contrasted with patients with non-supplement restricting DSA and patients without DSA (25). In any case, DSAs are likewise connected with non-AMR rejection(26). In any case, the nearness of DSAs are identified with interminable join brokenness, unite misfortune and beneficiary demise (26). The job of IgM DSA in dismissal isn’t clear. They have all the earmarks of being related with diminished endurance of the allograft (27). Nonetheless, another study found that an IgM reaction alone didn’t influence allograft misfortune, yet dismissals gave off an impression of being more severe(28). For this angle, extra research must be finished. DSA screening Since DSAs are related with a high danger of transplant dismissal, screening of DSA in the beneficiaries serum will be done before transplantation. A few tests are produced for DSA screening. The supplement subordinate cytotoxicity cross-coordinate (CDC-XM) measure was set up for profoundly delicate discovery of DSAs to beneficiary HLAs(29). The serum of the beneficiary will be crossmatched with contributor lymphocytes. At that point supplement will be included and thusly supplement fixing DSAs in the serum can be identified. Despite the fact that the supplement obsession is utilized as read-out, because of the utilization of hare serum as a wellspring of supplement, the outcomes are not completely intelligent for the human supplement fixing limit of DSAs(7). Since human IgG2 is exceptionally viable in the actuation of bunny supplement, DSA subclass and CDC-XM results may not generally correlate(30). The advancement of high-throughput, single-antigen, globule based measures is a significant device for recognizing patients with supplement fixing DSAs(25). Luminex single antigen globule (SAB) innovation is an increasingly delicate strategy, whereby filtered HLA antigens are bound to dormant dabs, impregnated with fluoropores (31). On the off chance that DSAs are available in the serum, they will tie to the covered HLA antigens on the fitting dabs and to supplement factor C1q. This coupling can be distinguished with a conjugated auxiliary immune response explicit for human IgG and C4d, that will hasten on the dab, if C1q is bound. The blend of the fluorescence signals from each globule, demonstrating the HLA explicitness, and the auxiliary reagent, showing the bound HLA explicit antibodies, can be estimated with the Luminex framework (32). Memory and other B cells Notwithstanding screening examines, at times patients experience allograft dismissal when no alloantibodies were obvious during screening. Han et al. decided HLA immune response specificities of ex vivo initiated B cells. Supernatants of filtered B-cells, refined with a murine cell line communicating human CD40L, were focused and surveyed with Luminex SAB assays(33). DSAs were found in 13 of 16 transplant beneficiaries, whereby a sum of 50 DSA found by Luminex, coordinated 35 found in the serum. 11 DSAs were recognized in serum, yet not in the supernatant. Comparative tests were performed by other look into groups(34)(35)(36). These examinations raised that memory B cells coordinated against HLA antigens can be available, notwithstanding imperceptible degrees of serum antibodies towards these antigens. These memory B cells may get actuated>
