We can work on Organizational Behavior Name Institution Tutor Date   MEMO To: All employee From: Social Services Department Date: Subject: Teamwork at the Workplace After careful deliberation, the organization management has determined it is necessary to embrace teamwork among the employees. Working together will enhance morale, solve problems, be supportive of each other, enhance creativity, and bring new ideas to the organization. This will go all the way to increasing performance and job satisfaction among the employees. To achieve effective teamwork, there is a need to have a shared purpose. The shared purpose will increase motivation and performance. Therefore the management will put in place the following techniques to achieve team effectiveness; 1. Effective communication 2. Effective conflict management 3. Set the organizational shared purpose 4. Change management To enhance the success of the above strategies, the management will cultivate the culture of effective feedback and encourage team norms for behavior change among the employees. The suggested norms for the teamwork will be effective communication and empathy. The norms will be made explicit by developing the team charter. Team chatter will clarify more on the purpose of the teams and set forth the expected behavior. Please understand that the management is taking these steps to enhance organization performance, job satisfaction among employees, and create incentives for the employees. Thank you for your cooperation, should you have any question, channel it to the social services offices. Part two To From Date Subject: Communication process Dear all, Am glad to share several aspects of effective communication that are essential in public organizations. Some of the aspects I would like to share are communication process, possible threat to the communication process, communication networks, and internal communication. The communication process has four key elements. They include sender, encoding, channel, and decoding. The sender is the source of information; the information might consist of both verbal and nonverbal messages. Encoding is transforming the information to signals for it to be sent via a communication channel. The channel is the medium of information transfer to the recipient, while decoding is the process where the recipient translates the information that is either seen or heard to a concrete meaning that can be internalized. The receiver is the person whom the information was directed to. There are various threats to the communication process. Noise, uncomfortable communication, language barrier, and less active listening are major threats that can affect the communication process. However, a good communication network can solve them. There is three common communication network for an organization. Communication networks play a crucial role in providing information on job opportunities for job applicants. The wheel network illustrates the centralized communication. The communication flow is from one person. The circle communication network is a communication flow from one person to two or three other recipients who are next to them. The star network allows decentralized communication flow among all recipients, while the chain network provides communication flow to all recipients who are at the end of the chain. Lastly, the Y-network is a communication flow among two recipients who are at the center of the network. Regardless of the communication network used in an organization, the communication flow is important to managers as they are supposed to create a positive impression on various stakeholders in the organization. This should be done to reduce the negative effects of poor internal communication Internal communication in an organization involves the communication flow between individuals or groups of people at a different level. The aim of internal communication is to communicate information on design, implementation of designs, and to coordinate the daily activities in the organization. It is vital in business performance since it enhances information sharing on the organization vision, and also it enables the employees to cope with changes that occur in the organization. Therefore poor internal communication has negative impacts on the organization. Some of the effects are poor morale, lower employee performance and productivity, low organization performance, and high employee turnover. Best regards Part three Conflicts and performance In several organizations, conflicts are common occurrences. Often, people in an organization can block the action or decision of another person. According to the study done in the US, employees spent at least 2.1 hours in every week on conflicts. The authors of consulting psychologist found out that conflicts had a huge financial impact on an organization as they, in most cases, disrupted the smooth flow of activities. However, according to organizational behavior research, conflicts can have both positive and negative impacts on the performance of an organization. Functional conflicts align the organizational goals and improve their performance while the dysfunctional conflicts that hurt the workplace relationship, thus affecting the performance. If an organization has low conflict cases, indifferences and lack of discussions on important issues might be the reasons, thus hampering the performance, this is contrary to conflicts that are aligned to the objectives and are less personal. They boost performance. Therefore, conflicts are not all that bad. Performance of an organization can begin to suffer only if the conflicts are too much and begin to be disruptive. Third-party interventions Often leaders are expected to intervene to solve conflicts among the workforce. They are expected to understand individual employee grievances, identify their needs, understand the source of conflict, and give an equal chance to all involved in the conflict to express their feeling about the issue in question. There are several approaches that can be used by leaders to resolve conflicts. Involving a neutral third party can restore a damaged relationship and bring reconciliation through mediation. Mediation is effective as it enhances fairness and satisfaction to both parties. It improves relationships, performance, and workforce morale and reduces the stress among the employees. Therefore leaders should use mediators to solve conflicts as they help the parties reach a consensus through participation, reparation, forgiveness, and reintegration, unlike other conflict resolution techniques. Cross-cultural conflict resolution In situations where there are cultural differences, conflict resolution techniques also differ. Different culture and norms can mold an individual’s personality to either love harmony over discord, be more competitive or even individualistic, be facts oriented, or use emotion appeals for persuasions. The leaders are expected to consider the effect of both local and national cultures on an individual, in terms of their perception about the conflict and how to solve them. They are expected to adapt to changes and always adjust the conflict styles when needed to. Both private and public sector is governed and defined by different organizational cultures. Hence cross-cultural conflict resolution techniques are used. Therefore, leaders should incorporate several skills in resolving cross cultural conflicts. Some of the skills include good listening skills, sensitive to individual needs, be participative, compassionate, and be a mentor, and avoid competition. Bargaining in conflict resolution Often bargaining in conflict resolution begins with building relationships. Creating a good rapport with a partner reduces the chances of the other party getting angry during negotiations. There are two types of bargaining in conflict resolution, distributive and integrative bargaining. Distributive bargaining involves the win-lose strategy while the integrative win-win strategy. Both the approaches are efficient as they enhance economic outcomes and emotional integration among the employees. Also, the techniques are efficient in the public sector as they create mutual relationship among the employees. They can be used in both big and small ways and bring appealing results.

Organizational Behavior Name Institution Tutor Date   MEMO To: All employee From: Social Services Department Date: Subject: Teamwork at the Workplace After careful deliberation, the organization management has determined it is necessary to embrace teamwork among the employees. Working together will enhance morale, solve problems, be supportive of each other, enhance creativity, and bring new ideas to the organization. This will go all the way to increasing performance and job satisfaction among the employees. To achieve effective teamwork, there is a need to have a shared purpose. The shared purpose will increase motivation and performance. Therefore the management will put in place the following techniques to achieve team effectiveness; 1. Effective communication 2. Effective conflict management 3. Set the organizational shared purpose 4. Change management To enhance the success of the above strategies, the management will cultivate the culture of effective feedback and encourage team norms for behavior change among the employees. The suggested norms for the teamwork will be effective communication and empathy. The norms will be made explicit by developing the team charter. Team chatter will clarify more on the purpose of the teams and set forth the expected behavior. Please understand that the management is taking these steps to enhance organization performance, job satisfaction among employees, and create incentives for the employees. Thank you for your cooperation, should you have any question, channel it to the social services offices. Part two To From Date Subject: Communication process Dear all, Am glad to share several aspects of effective communication that are essential in public organizations. Some of the aspects I would like to share are communication process, possible threat to the communication process, communication networks, and internal communication. The communication process has four key elements. They include sender, encoding, channel, and decoding. The sender is the source of information; the information might consist of both verbal and nonverbal messages. Encoding is transforming the information to signals for it to be sent via a communication channel. The channel is the medium of information transfer to the recipient, while decoding is the process where the recipient translates the information that is either seen or heard to a concrete meaning that can be internalized. The receiver is the person whom the information was directed to. There are various threats to the communication process. Noise, uncomfortable communication, language barrier, and less active listening are major threats that can affect the communication process. However, a good communication network can solve them. There is three common communication network for an organization. Communication networks play a crucial role in providing information on job opportunities for job applicants. The wheel network illustrates the centralized communication. The communication flow is from one person. The circle communication network is a communication flow from one person to two or three other recipients who are next to them. The star network allows decentralized communication flow among all recipients, while the chain network provides communication flow to all recipients who are at the end of the chain. Lastly, the Y-network is a communication flow among two recipients who are at the center of the network. Regardless of the communication network used in an organization, the communication flow is important to managers as they are supposed to create a positive impression on various stakeholders in the organization. This should be done to reduce the negative effects of poor internal communication Internal communication in an organization involves the communication flow between individuals or groups of people at a different level. The aim of internal communication is to communicate information on design, implementation of designs, and to coordinate the daily activities in the organization. It is vital in business performance since it enhances information sharing on the organization vision, and also it enables the employees to cope with changes that occur in the organization. Therefore poor internal communication has negative impacts on the organization. Some of the effects are poor morale, lower employee performance and productivity, low organization performance, and high employee turnover. Best regards Part three Conflicts and performance In several organizations, conflicts are common occurrences. Often, people in an organization can block the action or decision of another person. According to the study done in the US, employees spent at least 2.1 hours in every week on conflicts. The authors of consulting psychologist found out that conflicts had a huge financial impact on an organization as they, in most cases, disrupted the smooth flow of activities. However, according to organizational behavior research, conflicts can have both positive and negative impacts on the performance of an organization. Functional conflicts align the organizational goals and improve their performance while the dysfunctional conflicts that hurt the workplace relationship, thus affecting the performance. If an organization has low conflict cases, indifferences and lack of discussions on important issues might be the reasons, thus hampering the performance, this is contrary to conflicts that are aligned to the objectives and are less personal. They boost performance. Therefore, conflicts are not all that bad. Performance of an organization can begin to suffer only if the conflicts are too much and begin to be disruptive. Third-party interventions Often leaders are expected to intervene to solve conflicts among the workforce. They are expected to understand individual employee grievances, identify their needs, understand the source of conflict, and give an equal chance to all involved in the conflict to express their feeling about the issue in question. There are several approaches that can be used by leaders to resolve conflicts. Involving a neutral third party can restore a damaged relationship and bring reconciliation through mediation. Mediation is effective as it enhances fairness and satisfaction to both parties. It improves relationships, performance, and workforce morale and reduces the stress among the employees. Therefore leaders should use mediators to solve conflicts as they help the parties reach a consensus through participation, reparation, forgiveness, and reintegration, unlike other conflict resolution techniques. Cross-cultural conflict resolution In situations where there are cultural differences, conflict resolution techniques also differ. Different culture and norms can mold an individual’s personality to either love harmony over discord, be more competitive or even individualistic, be facts oriented, or use emotion appeals for persuasions. The leaders are expected to consider the effect of both local and national cultures on an individual, in terms of their perception about the conflict and how to solve them. They are expected to adapt to changes and always adjust the conflict styles when needed to. Both private and public sector is governed and defined by different organizational cultures. Hence cross-cultural conflict resolution techniques are used. Therefore, leaders should incorporate several skills in resolving cross cultural conflicts. Some of the skills include good listening skills, sensitive to individual needs, be participative, compassionate, and be a mentor, and avoid competition. Bargaining in conflict resolution Often bargaining in conflict resolution begins with building relationships. Creating a good rapport with a partner reduces the chances of the other party getting angry during negotiations. There are two types of bargaining in conflict resolution, distributive and integrative bargaining. Distributive bargaining involves the win-lose strategy while the integrative win-win strategy. Both the approaches are efficient as they enhance economic outcomes and emotional integration among the employees. Also, the techniques are efficient in the public sector as they create mutual relationship among the employees. They can be used in both big and small ways and bring appealing results. – Barbra Dozier’s Blog

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Previous Article Non-Profit Fundraising Name Institution Affiliation Fundraising Klein (2009) describes the concept of conversion rate and he describes it as the proportion of first-time donors who provide a donation for the second time. According to the author the ideal conversion rate is roughly 40%. To have a higher conversion rate organization should ensure that they personalize their thank-you notes, spell donors’ names accurately, send them annual report, newsletter or any other kind of correspondence between sending them a money request. Also, the overall retention rate of major donors should be roughly 66%. Klein (2009) also describes the concept of fulfillment cost and this is what it costs an organization to keep a donor. Klein recommends that this cost should be roughly $3 and 10 yearly for every donor. Organizations should frequently go through their mailing list to ensure they do not keep records of people who cannot donate again. Notably, organizations aim to develop a donor base because it is the most unswerving way to sustain their operations overtime and also because foundation funding has turned out to be scarcer in the economy. Klein (2009) emphasizes that the lifeblood of stable and successful social change nonprofits is loyal donors. Klein’s article is related to nonprofit fundraising careers as it discusses various concepts related to fundraising such as how to attract and retain donors, and sources of money such as community funding. The book also describes who can be potential donors; that is people who believe in your organization’s work. Thus, the book deliberates on effective fundraising strategies such as reaching out to people who deeply care about the organization and those who support its mission as well as segmenting donors to establish appropriate relationships with them. Klein (2009) indicates that donors should be segmented based on their longevity of giving, frequency of giving and size of gift. Furthermore, the book is related to nonprofit fundraising careers as it describes how organizations should build relationships with donors though knowing them personally and approaching them to request for funds face-to-face and not just by communicating with them through e-mail or phone. Giving USA (2018) provides a synopsis of giving in 2017. As stated in the article total 2017 contributions were $410.02 billion of which 70% was provided by individuals, 16% by foundations, 9% by bequests and 5% by corporations. The recipients of these contributions by category were religion, education, human services, foundations, health, public society benefit, humanities, art and culture, international affairs as well as animals/environment. The article is related to nonprofit fundraising careers as it describes the major sources of donations and the factors that influence the amount these donors give. For instance, increase in corporate donations has been attributed to a 4.1% rise in corporate pre-tax profits. Jonker, Meehan & Iseminger (2014) states that money is important to nonprofits but their leaders often find it uncomfortable or challenging to request for it from people. Many extraordinary and bold nonprofits fail to assume bold fundraising efforts. Raising money is not easy, however, nonprofit leaders who want to see their organizations succeed must be committed to fundraising. Jonker, Meehan & Iseminger (2014) summarizes three proved principles that are followed by effective fundraisers; the first one is spend money to get money. Secondly, nonprofit leaders should go where there is money, for instance money is with individuals and not foundations; thus, nonprofits should target them. Thirdly, nonprofit leaders should overcome their fear/ discomfort of talking about finances by thinking in terms of their mission which is to change the world as opposed to just asking for money. The article is related to nonprofit fundraising careers as it discusses effective strategies of raising money such as planning for the top prospects through understanding their passion and interests as well as thanking donors to set stage for another gift. The authors also recommend that to attract funds easily, non-profit leaders should be good stewards of the offered donations. Foster, Kim & Christiansen (2009) describe their ten funding models based on three parameters; decision makers motivations, types of decision makers and source of funds. The ten funding models are heartfelt connector, beneficiary builder, member motivator, big bettor, public provider, public innovator, beneficiary broker, resource recycler, market maker and local nationalizer. The first three models; member motivator, beneficiary builder, and heartfelt connector are financed by individual donors. While big bettor is financed mostly by foundations, one or a few individuals. The beneficiary broker, policy innovator and public provider are mainly funded by the government. The resource recycler model is supported mostly by corporate funding while the local nationalizer and market maker have mixed funders. The article is related to nonprofit fundraising careers as it describes the various funding models and in return, fundraisers will get to the funding model that works best for their organization because different nonprofits take varying funding paths. Bassoff & Chandler (2001) describes the myths related no nonprofit fundraising and the reality shift associated with the myths. The article is related to non-profit fundraising career as it explains the reality behind some myths that may discourage fundraisers from seeking funds to support their mission. For instance, the myth that money comes from huge companies can mislead fundraisers by making them to target and spend on big companies while individuals are also major donors, yet if this myth is taken into consideration individuals may be ignored. References Bassoff, M., & Chandler, S. (2001). Notes from Relationshift: Revolutionary Fundraising. Author’s Choice Publishing. Foster, W. L., Kim, P., & Christiansen, B. (2009). Ten nonprofit funding models. Stanford Social Innovation Review Spring 2009 Giving USA (2018). An Overview of Giving in 2017. Jonker, K., Meehan III, W. F., & Iseminger, E. (2014). Fundraising Is Fundamental (If Not Always Fun). Stanford Social Innovation Review Klein, K. (2009). Reliable fundraising in unreliable times: What good causes need to know to survive and thrive (Vol. 33). John Wiley & Sons.

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