”
1 Page APA Response Discussion Adding
Additional Information Scholarly Reference Less Than 5 Years And Must
Have Page Numbers. Must Have In Text Citations.Coffee Consumption and Cardio-Vascular Diseases
There has always been a controversy about coffee consumption. While
many say it causes various cardiovascular problems others say that
coffee is actually beneficial for the health.
Lang et al. (1983) showed that there was blood pressure (BP) increase
from 125.6/79.8 +/- 15.0/10.5 mm Hg in non-coffee consumption category
to 128.1/80.6 +/- 15.6/10.2 mm Hg in the highest consumption category
(greater than or equal to 5 cups/day). They concluded that coffee was a
significant contributor to the variation in BP levels. Riksen, Rongen
and Smits (2008) in their work “Acute and long-term cardiovascular
effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart disease” indicated
that “both experimental studies and epidemiological studies favor a
deleterious role of coffee consumption as a trigger for coronary events,
rather than in promoting the development of atherosclerosis” (p.189).
Revuelta-Iniesta and Al-Dujaili (2008) studied biochemical aspects of
green and black coffee and proposed that coffee intake, especially
green coffee, might play a role in the reduction of cardiovascular risk
factors and perhaps cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) in the long term. In
the same 2008 year Geleijnse conducted a metanalysis of multiple studies
and came to conclusion that regular coffee intake does not increase the
risk of hypertension.
Some may argue that even though coffee consumption is considered safe
for healthy individuals, it still may be harmful if consumed by people
who already suffer from CVD. But recent work by Chrysant (2017)
demonstrated that coffee consumption has either neutral or beneficial
effects on BP, CVD, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and diabetes
mellitus (DM).
Changes in approach to one of the most popular beverages explained
by different types of coffee that was studied. If years ago people drunk
mainly boiled coffee, nowadays we prefer filtered coffee. According to
O’Keefe et al. (2013) filtered coffee contains less amounts of cafestol
and kahweol, substances which increase serum cholesterol. This supports
previously mentioned conclusion of Riksen et al. (2008), that coffee
consumption does not promote the development of atherosclerosis. In
fact, to O’Keefe et al. (2013) indicated in the same work that coffee
intake is beneficial in reduction of DM type two and may reduce the risk
of stroke. Also, regular coffee intake does not cause increase in BP,
although in non-habitual drinkers temporary BP increase is noticed.
In conclusion, contrary to older studies coffee consumption
considered not harmful and even beneficial, in some cases, nowadays. One
of the explanations for this is the way coffee brewed. It may be
concluded that filtered coffee is healthier than boiled coffee.
Accidental consumption of this beverage by people who already suffer
from chronic CVD is not recommended, whereas habitual drinkers can
consume coffee regardless of their CVD status. References:Chrysant,
S. G. (2017). The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure,
cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of
Cardiovascular Therapy, 15(3), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563Geleijnse,
J. M. (2008). Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: an
epidemiological perspective. Vascular Health Risk Manag, 4, 963–970. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S3055 Lang
T., Degoulet P., Aime F., Fouriaud C., Jacquinet-Salord M.C., Laprugne
J., Main J., Oeconomos J., Phalente J., Prades A. (1983). Relation
between coffee drinking and blood pressure: Analysis of 6,321 subjects
in the Paris region. The American Journal of Cardiology, 52(12),
1238-1242O’Keefe,
J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Patil, H. R., DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S.
C., & Lavie, C. J. (2013). Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on
Cardiometabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and All-Cause
Mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), 62(12),
1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035Revuelta-Iniesta
R.and Al-Dujaili E.A.S. (2014). Consumption of Green Coffee Reduces
Blood Pressure and Body Composition by Influencing 11b-HSD1 Enzyme
Activity in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Crossover Study Using Green and
Black Coffee. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-9. Riksen,
N. P., Rongen, G. A., & Smits, P. (2009). Acute and long-term
cardiovascular effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart
disease. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 121(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.006