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Question 1: Descriptive Statistics
The first step in the analysis of any data file is to obtain descriptive statistics on each of your variables. These can be used to check for out-of-range cases, to explore the distribution of the scores, and to describe your sample in the Method section of a report.
Use the instructions in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 of the SPSS Survival Manual to answer the following questions concerning the variables included in the survey.sav data file.
(a) What is the mean age of the sample? What is the age range of the sample (minimum and maximum values)?
(b) What is the percentage of males and females in the sample? Did any of the sample fail to indicate their gender?
(c) What percentage of the sample were smokers?
(d) Inspect the distribution of scores on the Total Negative Affect scale. How normal is the distribution? Are there any cases that you would consider outliers?

Question 2: Checking the Reliability of a Scale
If you use scales or standardized measures in your research (this is common in psychological research) it is important to assess the reliability (internal consistency) of the scores on the scale in your sample. The following exercise gives you some practice in this process.
Follow the procedure in Chapter 9 of the SPSS Survival Manual to assess the reliability of the following scales. You will need to refer to the codebook in the appendix to identify the items that make up each of the scales (survey5ED.sav page 333).
(a) Optimism scale (op1 to op6)
(b) Perceived Control of Internal Stress scale (pc1 to pc18)
(c) Self-esteem scale (sest1 to sest10)
You will need to manipulate certain items prior to calculating the scale reliability. These items will require reversing of negatively worded items. Please refer to page 87-88 of Pallant 6th ed. The reason why these items need to be reversed is because some of the responses are worded positively while other items are negatively worded (inverse).
Example:

Optimism Scale (located in page 333)
Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree
1.____In certain times I usually expect the best.
2.____If something can go wrong for me it will. (negatively worded-a high score in this item signifies low optimism)
3.____I’m always optimistic about my future.
4.____I hardly ever expect things to go my way. (negatively worded-a high score in this item signifies low optimism)
5.____Overall I expect more good things to happen to me than bad,
6.____I rarely count on good things happening to me. (negatively worded high score in this item signifies low optimism)

Read through steps 1-7. Once you recode items 2, 4, and 6, you will then be able to move on to calculating reliability (page 102-103). You will find on page 331 the items that require reversing under the Coding Instructions column.

Question 3: Correlation
Using the data file staffsurvey.sav follow the instructions in Chapter 11 to explore the relationship between the total satisfaction and age. Present the results in a brief report.
Use the instructions in Chapter 11 to generate a full correlation matrix to check the inter-correlations among the following variables.
age
city
service
employment status

Sample Solution

Nearby people group ought to conform to government laws and local guidelines. For whatever length of time that they meet the prerequisites of these chances, everybody has equivalent open doors for an incredible duration. Individuals who are qualified and give a valiant effort for the network lead the network. Society depends on unrestrained choice, except if rules are watched and nobody is harmed. Rules and guidelines are intended to ensure individuals of the general public so as to construct a sheltered and amicable network. There are two essential kinds of network networks, networks characterized by geologically characterized networks and topographically various factors. Instances of geologically characterized networks are networks or local locations. The accumulated houses share a typical space. Nearby economies and local organizations are likewise viewed as a major aspect of the neighboring network. Individuals from the network are invested individuals in network wellbeing, and I am keen on this What is a network? Parker characterizes the network as individuals who share a typical space or locale, share a typical relationship, collaborate with one another, and are broadly utilized in the writing (Fritz, 1985). The people group comprises of common commitments and collaborations connecting people to establishments and relationship systems. In most geological networks, there is a typical association and a pretty much free network. Schools, law requirement offices, and social government assistance offices are three instances of formal associations inside the network that are especially applicable for substance misuse. Guardians and understudy associations vary in structure, regular to most networks, and can assume a significant job in forestalling drug misuse. Local gatherings and individuals from the association cooperate to make, characterize, and take care of social issues by communicating with each other. Correspondence Many directors invest a large portion of their energy to convey inside and outside the business. Correspondence can be effectively characterized as a progression of data starting with one individual then onto the next. Consequently, powerful correspondence is imperative to the achievement of the business. Since work redistributing, data input, and business the executives rely upon an exact, speedy and viable correspondence process. Great correspondence diminishes clashes and forestalls mistaken assumptions by representatives’ requests. We should see. The four most basic kinds of correspondence utilized by administrators incorporate relational correspondence, nonverbal correspondence, composed correspondence, and verbal correspondence. Relational correspondence can be clarified as correspondence between a little gathering of gatherings, for the most part as a setting of meeting where members can just have negligible discussion. There are things other than dialects, for example, signals, development, articulation, non-verbal communication, different parts of the presence of the body, other than words. Record correspondence is a message sent to the beneficiary recorded as a hard copy. Oral correspondence implies conveying in verbal or verbal correspondence. Nonverbal correspondence is a procedure of conveying by not communicating or getting word messages. This kind of correspondence incorporates motion, contact, non-verbal communication, signal, outward appearance, and eye to eye connection. Nonverbal correspondence additionally incorporates messages passed on through significant ventures. For instance, garments and hairdo are a kind of nonverbal collaboration that passes on data about people. When in doubt, nonverbal correspondence can be examined dependent on the spot and circumstance of correspondence, the physical attributes of the exchange individual, and the conduct of the discourse individual in the exchange. Nonverbal correspondence is the transmission and gathering of messages without words. Non verbal correspondence is called verbal and composed correspondence, for example, motion, non-verbal communication, motion, inflection, outward appearance. Nonverbal correspondence is about the speaker’s non-verbal communication. Casual correspondence is finished utilizing channels appeared differently in relation to formal correspondence channels. This is only a discussion. It was set up for the social connections of the individuals from the association and for eye to eye conversations. It occurs among loved ones. Utilizing slang words for casual correspondence, swearing words isn’t restricted. Typical. Casual correspondence happens orally and is finished utilizing motions. Declining Drug Abuse: Sociological Strategy for Community Social Practice W. David Watts South West Texas State University Systems for network based sociological practice are examined. With regards to social development of sensible hypotheses, the job of sociologists in helping networks comprehend social issues has been dissected. When the network acknowledges young people ‘substance misuse issues, the hypothesis of control and partners’ affiliation can lead sociologists who wish to work with nearby pioneers to battle medicate misuse. Network association, fortify the association among guardians and different gatherings, bring down the network’s capacity to bear sedate maltreatment, manufacture support for peer anticipation Declining Drug Abuse: Sociological Strategy for Community Social Practice W. David Watts South West Texas State University>

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