Anatomy Homework
Part A. Describe in order and in detail the following movements.
1.Stand up from a sitting position
2.While standing upright, turn around 180 degrees to face opposite direction
3.Jumping over the couch and taking several steps forward.
4.Reach forward and grasp a door knob.
5.Turn a door knob 180 degrees clockwise
6.Sit down in a chair.
7.Grasp the chopsticks.
8.Raise the chicken and rice from a bowl to mouth.
9.Bite, chew and then swallow a portion of the food.
Break down each of the above actions into an ordered series of joint movements. Actually do the actions yourself and note which joints move in what order. What muscles produces these movements and what specific nerve innervates that muscle or groups of muscle?
Part B. Which cranial nerve affects taste? Which cranial nerve is concerned with the maintenance of balance?
Part C. On the way to the doorknob, Matt stepped on a sharp nail. What type of reflex will he trigger? Describe the pathway from stepping on the nail to withdrawing his foot from the stimulus
Solution
Anatomy Homework
Anatomy
Part A. Describe in order and in detail the following movements.
- Stand up from a sitting position
In order for Matt to complete the movement from sitting position to standing, the muscles from his whole body are involved to stand up. First it starts with his hip, knee, and ankles flexed when sitting down. The first initiation of movement utilizes a flex in his gluteus maximus, hip, and pelvis joints to extend from a seated position from the chair. When his body is lifted, Matt’s “ankles would have achieved a dorsiflexion” followed by a complete extension of his hips, quadriceps and patella thus allowing a “complete upright posture” of the standing position (Janssen, et al.).
- While standing upright, turn around 180 degrees to face opposite direction
The muscles in Matt’s neck must interact with each other unilaterally while his trunk turns 180 degrees in order for him to face the opposite direction. His sternocleidomastoid muscle, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, longissimus capitis, all laterally flex together to allow his head to rotate from left to right (“Axial Muscles”). Simultaneously, his external and internal obliques flex to twist the torso, while his hip joint rotates the legs to face the new direction.
- Jumping over the couch and taking several steps forward
For Matt to jump over the couch, his body prepares by flexing the hips and knees, while his ankles dorsiflex. The maximal contraction at the bottom of his preparation flexes the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus). To begin his jumping phase, his gluteus maximus flexes and his knees and hips extend into a vertical jump. The ankles are now in plantarflexion, and the rectus abdominis helps his body maintain balance while standing. After his landing, Matt’s hip joint allows his leg to extend while flexing his quadriceps and calves to place his talus on the ground before his phalanges, thus taking one step forward.
- Reach forward and grasp a doorknob.
To reach the door, Matt’s shoulder joint and elbow joint are utilized to lift the arm up and extend for it to grab the doorknob. Matt’s bicep brachii in his upper arm is used to assist in extending the upper arm, which then stabilizes the elbow flexion. The pollicis longus muscle and supinator muscles in Matt’s forearm are flexed to grab the doorknob using his fingers and thumb to help turn and rotate the doorknob.
- Turn a doorknob 180 degrees clockwise
To turn a doorknob 180 degrees clockwise, Matt’s right hand requires a supination that is achieved by the concentric activity in the “supinator crest of the ulna and radial collateral ligament” (“Kinematic Motion”). By using his wrist flexors of his carpi “radialis and ulnaris” his wrist is abducted, and the movement of a twist is completed (“Kinematic Motion”).
- Sit down in a chair.
When Matt sat back on his chair, his hip and knee joints had to flex in order to move the thighs forward and bring the buttocks to a seated position. As such, his gluteus maximus is relaxed, while his quadriceps are flexed. At this position, his muscles are relaxed and his ankles are in the dorsiflex stance.
- Grasp the chopsticks.
When Matt grasped the chopsticks to begin eating, the isotonic contraction of digitorum allows the phalanges to grasp the chopsticks. Albeit, his deltoid and elbow flexion are required to raise the arm.
- Raise the chicken and rice from a bowl to mouth.
Similar to the question above, Matt uses his elbow and shoulder joints to lift his arm vertically up towards his mouth.
- Bite, chew and then swallow a portion of the food.
For Matt to chew or masticate his food, his “masseter muscle is used to move the lower mandible” to elevate and close his mouth while the temporalis muscles naturally move while chewing (“Axial Muscles”). For his food to be swallowed, the “mylohyoid muscles” in Matt’s tongue pushes the food down the back of the pharynx to be swallowed. In specific, cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction allows the food to relax into the entryway of the esophagus (“Axial Muscles”).
References
“Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back.” Anatomy and Physiology, OpenStax, 6 Mar. 2013, opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back/.
Janssen, et al. “Determinants of the Sit-to-Stand Movement: A Review.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Sept. 2002, academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/9/866/2857650.
“Kinematic Motion Analysis of Door Handling”, ScienceCentral, www.e-sciencecentral.org/articles/SC000017741.
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