Introduction
Policy is defined as a purposive course of action that an individual or group consistently follows in dealing with a problem. Policy development is defined as an activity that involves research, analysis, consultation and synthesis of information to produce recommendations (Pal, 2010).
The fives policies and issues addressed by the governments in the books include;
i. The Space Program (Heineman et al, 2001 p. 107).
ii. The fragmented congress and its constituents (Heineman, et al, 2001, p. 109).
iii. The Bill of Rights (Heineman, et al, 2001, p. 113).
iv. Gramm-Rudman fiscal Policy (Heineman, et al, 2001, p.126)
v. Healthcare reform: Medicare and social security (Heineman, et al, 2001, p. 130)
vi. Foreign economic Policy (Pal, 2010, p. 262).
The fragmented congress and its constituents as identified by (Heineman et al., 2001) demonstrates how the legislative house and its committees differ in terms of passing and commissioning of national issues affecting the United States of America. Whereas the sub government of America have direct access and communication to the main government, the constituents of the government also have an added advantage in that they usually have a direct one-to-one interaction with the citizens. The nature of constituent services is predominantly in providing communication channels and relaying the relevant information from the citizens to the congress and the central government as a whole.
With a breakdown in communication and understanding between the congress and its constituents, implies grounding of both executive and legislative duties of the congress. The congressmen boast of acting in accord with what the citizens expect. It is for this reason that (Heineman, 2001) reports that there was a 62% congressmen approval as compared to a 32% congress approval. This led to the congress to make amendments and introduce reforms that will improve the perception of the public eye with respect to their undertakings. The main change was to democratize its operations and duties. Some of the reforms included the reduction of the powers of the committee chairmen and subsequently increasing the powers of the subcommittees and their chairmen. Any fragments witnessed from the congress effectively strengthened the sub-governments and their congressmen (Heineman et al, 2001).
The consequences of the fragmentation of congress and congressmen meant that there existed a power struggle between them. Since the citizens are the entities that directly influence on the decision and choice of the existence of governments, both the congress and congressmen will always try to soften their rulings and always side with what the citizens request for as far the provision of their basic needs and requirements is concerned. I chose this issue over the rest of the above mentioned policies and issues based on the relevance to the case of the Dark Digital Ages: 13 to 17 by Mark Bauerlein. This scenario portrays the emergence of technology among the young American congregation, how they utilize the emerging phones and laptops in social networks and the consequences that arise later on. The differences in perception on how the young generations take the denial to use these networks can actually result to breakdown of parent-children relationship and discipline. Bauerlein actually refers to this generation as the dumbest generation. Furthermore, the existence of communities, social networks and contemporary groupings demands a means of consultation that promote interactive participation, citizen engagement and the development of citizen and global partnerships.
The emergence of organized societies, an ideal understanding of the relationship between the public and the governing state especially the “citizens of interest” is thus a prerequisite to better coexistence. Pal, 2010, advocates for a corporatist political structure that would be very much effective in implementing global economic policies. While public interest groups have been identified as groups that purport to represent broad, diffuse, non- commercial interests, they have always received very little or explicit representation in the progressive processes by which courts, agencies and legislatures make public policies. This may result in this special group becoming liberal and may form movements that may destabilize the operations of the governments in place.
The stakeholders within the above policy include; individuals (citizens), pressure groups, lead agencies and federal agencies, advocacy coalition frameworks (ACF), provisional and sub- governments (cabinet and central policy structures) and finally the foreign governments.
The main actors and implementers of above policies include agencies and teams of bureaucrats. The role of bureaucracy is to carry out the policies that have been enacted by the congress and the president (Heineman et al, 2001). However, their roles are vividly via the iron triangles and issue networks. This triangle is comprised of the congressional subcommittee that deals with an issue, the executive agency that enforces the laws and finally the private interest groups. Issue networks usually offer support to a specific policy. The network may also constitute scholars, experts in the issue and media fraternity. However, the effects of bureaucracy can always be checked by agencies like the Global Public Policy Networks (GPPN). They comprise various actors in the society, government agencies, industry groups, and perhaps multilateral institutions. Secondly, there is the use of counter-bureaucracy experts who study the trends of governmental processes and offer advice and strengthen the elected politicians.

References
Heiman, R. et al., (2001). The World of the Policy Analyst. 3rd ed. New York: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC.
Pal, L. (2010). Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue management in Turbulent Times. 4th ed. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Nelson.