Summative
Open workbook of content-linked, applied questions with long-form written answers.
INSERT YOUR STUDENT NUMBER IN THIS BOX BELOW:
Student Number:
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Instructions:
There are two sections which must be completed:
Section 1: 10 short answer questions
- You should answer all 10 questions.
- Maximum of 80 words each answer.
- Two marks will be allocated to each answer.
Section 2: Select TWO scenarios to answer
- Maximum 600 words per scenario answer
- 20 Marks will be allocated to each answer.
Please put a reference list at the end of the document
PLEASE TURN OVER:
10 QUESTIONS (max 80 Words each)
- You should answer all 10 questions
- Maximum 80 words each answer
- Two marks will be allocated to each answer.
- Type answer here:
By a process known as the Frank-Starling mechanism, variations in ventricular preload have a significant impact on ventricular stroke volume. By changing the force with which the heart muscle contracts, increased preload raises stroke volume and decreased preload lowers it (Cheng and Jusof, 2018).
Type answer here:
By a process known as the Frank-Starling mechanism, variations in ventricular preload have a significant impact on ventricular stroke volume. By changing the force with which the heart muscle contracts, increased preload raises stroke volume and decreased preload lowers it (Cheng and Jusof, 2018).
- Using an example, explain the main function of a neurotransmitter? (2 marks)
Type answer here:
Neurotransmitters communicate by moving between cells and binding to particular receptors on their intended targets. There are various receptors that each neurotransmitter binds to. Dopamine molecules, for instance, bind to
Type answer here:
Neurotransmitters communicate by moving between cells and binding to particular receptors on their intended targets. There are various receptors that each neurotransmitter binds to. Dopamine molecules, for instance, bind to
- Type answer here:
Yes, I agree that sarcoma can be more difficult to treat than carcinoma because sarcomas are treated with surgery (Weber, 2015), and are harder to treat than carcinomas. Carcinomas are treated base on the type of cancer and sometime therapy can be used to treat it.
Type answer here:
Yes, I agree that sarcoma can be more difficult to treat than carcinoma because sarcomas are treated with surgery (Weber, 2015), and are harder to treat than carcinomas. Carcinomas are treated base on the type of cancer and sometime therapy can be used to treat it.
- Type answer here:
During a negative feedback, a stimulus causes a response which removes the original stimulus, thus ‘turning off’ the response. There is a raised carbon dioxide triggers an increase in respiratory rate, which decreases the carbon dioxide and the respiratory rate falls again. An example of the causes of increase carbon dioxide is severe sepsis and exercise. Negative feedback is used by the body to maintain homeostasis and regulate itself (Harrison, 2017).
Type answer here:
During a negative feedback, a stimulus causes a response which removes the original stimulus, thus ‘turning off’ the response. There is a raised carbon dioxide triggers an increase in respiratory rate, which decreases the carbon dioxide and the respiratory rate falls again. An example of the causes of increase carbon dioxide is severe sepsis and exercise. Negative feedback is used by the body to maintain homeostasis and regulate itself (Harrison, 2017).
- Type answer here:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is made in the hypothalamus and transported to and released from the posterior pituitary gland, is a polypeptide hormone. ADH’s main function is to control how much water is expelled by the kidneys (Bell and Olivier, 2014). ADH, also referred to as vasopressin, enables the kidney tubules to directly reabsorb water, which concentrates salts and wastes in the urine that will eventually be expelled. Either through controlling blood volume or the amount of water in the circulation, the hypothalamus regulates the mechanisms of ADH secretion.
Type answer here:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is made in the hypothalamus and transported to and released from the posterior pituitary gland, is a polypeptide hormone. ADH’s main function is to control how much water is expelled by the kidneys (Bell and Olivier, 2014). ADH, also referred to as vasopressin, enables the kidney tubules to directly reabsorb water, which concentrates salts and wastes in the urine that will eventually be expelled. Either through controlling blood volume or the amount of water in the circulation, the hypothalamus regulates the mechanisms of ADH secretion.
- Type answer here:
Osmosis is the transfer of solvent particles from a diluted solution into a concentrated solution over a semipermeable membrane. Whilst, diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (Cheng and Han, 2020). Example osmosis include red blood cells swelling up when exposed to fresh water and plant root hairs taking up water, diffusion example include perfume filling a whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane.
Type answer here:
Osmosis is the transfer of solvent particles from a diluted solution into a concentrated solution over a semipermeable membrane. Whilst, diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (Cheng and Han, 2020). Example osmosis include red blood cells swelling up when exposed to fresh water and plant root hairs taking up water, diffusion example include perfume filling a whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane.
- Type answer here:
Immunisation refers to the process of both getting vaccine and becoming immune to disease. Vaccines take time to work, because the immune system needs time to produce an immune response to the vaccine. For example, getting an immunisation against COVID-19 entails giving a vaccine such as Pfizer to become immune to COVID-19.
Type answer here:
Immunisation refers to the process of both getting vaccine and becoming immune to disease. Vaccines take time to work, because the immune system needs time to produce an immune response to the vaccine. For example, getting an immunisation against COVID-19 entails giving a vaccine such as Pfizer to become immune to COVID-19.
- “Ageing is a pathology”
Type answer here:
Ageing is the leading causes of disease and death have changed as a result of the rapidly expanding population of older persons. Geriatric syndromes are a group of complex medical problems that emerge in older persons and are typically brought on by several underlying illnesses, including frailty, urine incontinence, falls, dementia, and pressure ulcers (Cross, 2019).
Type answer here:
Ageing is the leading causes of disease and death have changed as a result of the rapidly expanding population of older persons. Geriatric syndromes are a group of complex medical problems that emerge in older persons and are typically brought on by several underlying illnesses, including frailty, urine incontinence, falls, dementia, and pressure ulcers (Cross, 2019).
- Type answer here:
An early period of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is indicative of starvation. Within the first two to three days of a fast, fatty acids released from lipid storage take over as the body’s main fuel source. This crucial shift to lipid metabolism enables protein sparing throughout protracted periods of fasting or starvation (Conley et al., 2022). Less is known about the change from gluconeogenesis to ketogenesis, whereas hypoinsulinemia, glucagon, and glucocorticoids are assumed to be important mediators of gluconeogenesis during starvation.
Type answer here:
An early period of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is indicative of starvation. Within the first two to three days of a fast, fatty acids released from lipid storage take over as the body’s main fuel source. This crucial shift to lipid metabolism enables protein sparing throughout protracted periods of fasting or starvation (Conley et al., 2022). Less is known about the change from gluconeogenesis to ketogenesis, whereas hypoinsulinemia, glucagon, and glucocorticoids are assumed to be important mediators of gluconeogenesis during starvation.
- Type answer here:
Alzheimer’s is a progressive illness, the signs and symptoms appear gradually over a long period of time and then worsen (NHS Choice, 2021). Multiple brain functions are impacted. In most cases, mild memory issues are the initial indication of Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, this can include forgetting names of places and things, as well as recent discussions or incidents.
Type answer here:
Alzheimer’s is a progressive illness, the signs and symptoms appear gradually over a long period of time and then worsen (NHS Choice, 2021). Multiple brain functions are impacted. In most cases, mild memory issues are the initial indication of Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, this can include forgetting names of places and things, as well as recent discussions or incidents.
PLEASE CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE BELOW
PLEASE READ AND SELECT TWO SCENARIOS TO ANSWER.
SCENARIO A (max 600 words)
Precious (47 years old) has been feeling unwell the last few days. They have been managing to work, but today they have started to feel quite short of breath and achy. Their initial symptom was a continuing, productive cough, and today they developed a temperature which you measure at 37.9°c. They are suspected of having pneumonia and have a NEWS score of 6.
Question:
With reference to homeostasis, the respiratory system and pathophysiology, explain why Precious is short of breath?
SCENARIO A (max 600 words)
Precious (47 years old) has been feeling unwell the last few days. They have been managing to work, but today they have started to feel quite short of breath and achy. Their initial symptom was a continuing, productive cough, and today they developed a temperature which you measure at 37.9°c. They are suspected of having pneumonia and have a NEWS score of 6.
Question:
With reference to homeostasis, the respiratory system and pathophysiology, explain why Precious is short of breath?
SCENARIO C (max 600 words)
Daphne is an 84-year-old woman who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease 12 months ago. Over the last 6 weeks her daughter has reported to you that her symptoms seem to be getting worse. She has more noticeable short term memory problems and her daughter reports that she seems more confused which has led to some difficulties in maintaining her own safety. Daphne has also been complaining of headaches and periods of feeling dizzy. Daphne was prescribed Memantine 5mg OD originally, and this had been increased to 10mg OD 4 weeks ago by the GP.
Question:
With reference to underlying pathophysiology and pharmacology provide an exploration of this scenario.
SCENARIO C (max 600 words)
Daphne is an 84-year-old woman who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease 12 months ago. Over the last 6 weeks her daughter has reported to you that her symptoms seem to be getting worse. She has more noticeable short term memory problems and her daughter reports that she seems more confused which has led to some difficulties in maintaining her own safety. Daphne has also been complaining of headaches and periods of feeling dizzy. Daphne was prescribed Memantine 5mg OD originally, and this had been increased to 10mg OD 4 weeks ago by the GP.
Question:
With reference to underlying pathophysiology and pharmacology provide an exploration of this scenario.
SCENARIO B (max 600 words)
Abdellatif (58 years old) has a wound on his arm from DIY from a few days ago. He is seeing the nurse today as it is now quite painful to touch. The skin is also red around the wound, swollen and there is some exudate evident. When the nurse takes Abdellatif’s observations, he has a temperature of 38.6 °c, a pulse of 112 bpm, Respiration rate of 22, Oxygen saturations of 95% on air and Blood Pressure of 95/68mmHg. Abdellatif says he really does not feel well at all and is worried. The nurse cleans and dresses the wound and considers the next steps.
Question:
With reference to sepsis, pathophysiology and pharmacology provide an exploration of this scenario.
SCENARIO B (max 600 words)
Abdellatif (58 years old) has a wound on his arm from DIY from a few days ago. He is seeing the nurse today as it is now quite painful to touch. The skin is also red around the wound, swollen and there is some exudate evident. When the nurse takes Abdellatif’s observations, he has a temperature of 38.6 °c, a pulse of 112 bpm, Respiration rate of 22, Oxygen saturations of 95% on air and Blood Pressure of 95/68mmHg. Abdellatif says he really does not feel well at all and is worried. The nurse cleans and dresses the wound and considers the next steps.
Question:
With reference to sepsis, pathophysiology and pharmacology provide an exploration of this scenario.
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE NEXT PAGES….
FIRST SCENARIO ANSWER
WRITE HERE WHICH SCENARIO YOU HAVE ANSWERED: –
PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER BELOW:
SECOND SCENARIO ANSWER
WRITE HERE WHICH SCENARIO YOU HAVE ANSWERED: –
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PLEASE INSERT REFERENCE LIST BELOW
Bell, D. and Olivier, M. (2014) “Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,” Radiopaedia.org [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.53347/rid-29132.
Cheng, H.M. and Jusof, F. (2018) “Physiological adaptations of the cardiovascular system,” Defining Physiology: Principles, Themes, Concepts, pp. 53–61. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0499-6_5.
Cheng, Z.L. and Han, G. (2020) “Design of other pressure retarded osmosis hybrid processes (pressure retarded osmosis–membrane distillation and pressure retarded osmosis–forward osmosis),” Membrane Technology for Osmotic Power Generation by Pressure Retarded Osmosis, pp. 285–323. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429288562-12.
Conley, B. et al. (2022) “Introduction,” Accountability for Mass Starvation [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864734.003.0001.
Cross, S.S. (2019) Underwood’s pathology: A clinical approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Harrison, M. (2017) “Cardiovascular system,” Oxford Medicine Online [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0039.
NHS Choices(2021). NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/#:~:text=Alzheimer’s%20disease%20is%20a%20progressive,is%20usually%20minor%20memory%20problems. (Accessed: December 29, 2022).
Pokorski, M. (2015) Neurotransmitter interactions and cognitive function. Cham: Springer.
Weber, G.F. (2015) “Molecular analysis of a recurrent sarcoma identifies a mutation in FAF1,” Sarcoma, 2015, pp. 1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/839182.
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