BIOLOGY

2. What is at the C-terminus of all proteins? What is at the N-terminus of all proteins? (Hint: this is similar to asking what is at the 3’ end and 5’ end of nucleic acids)

3. Affected members of our family had several signs and symptoms: low calcium and phosphate in blood, glucose in urine and amino acids in urine. What do these have in common? (i.e. what common mechanism could account for these findings?)

4. In the affected members of the family, if there is low calcium and phosphate in blood, and they are taking in adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate, where would you predict to find calcium and phosphate? Why?

5. Explain what happens at each step of urine formation/excretion:
-filtration

-reabsorption

-secretion

-excretion

6. Which step from #5 requires a lot of active transport?

7. Where is the wild-type peroxisomal protein found in our family?

8. Where is the mutant peroxisomal protein found in our family?

9. Does the mutant protein still have a peroxisomal targeting sequence at its C terminus?

10. The N-terminus mutation changed a Glutamic Acid to a Lysine.
a. what are the codons that specify glutamic acid (Glu)?
b. what are the codons that specify Lysine (Lys)?
c. what is the simplest codon change (nucleotide change) that could cause this __________ mutation (fill in the type of mutation this is).

11. a. Where was the missense mutation in the peroxisomal protein in affected people? (where in the protein sequence- near the N terminus or near the C-terminus?)
b. Does the WT peroxisomal protein have an ER signal sequence?
c. Does the WT peroxisomal protein have a mitochondrial targeting sequence?
d. Does the mutant peroxisomal protein have an ER signal sequence?
e. Does the mutant peroxisomal protein have a mitochondrial targeting sequence?

12. a. Can mitochondria function with a wrong protein in them?
b. what is the job of mitochondria?
c. what kidney process needs lots of ATP?
d. which kidney process is not working in these patients?
d. put it all together- explain how this mutation leads to the symptoms experienced by these patients.

Clicker Questions
Which organelle breaks down fatty acids?
a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. peroxisome
d. ER

Which macromolecule is digested to release fatty acids?
a. triglycerides
b. proteins
c. nucleic acids
d. carbohydrates

Which organelle generates ATP?
a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. peroxisome
d. ER

Which of the following requires E (e.g. as ATP)?
a. simple diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
d. osmosis

Which is the first step in the generation of urine?
a. excretion
b. filtration
c. reabsorption
d. secretion

Peroxisomal proteins
a. initially stay in cytoplasm
b. enter endomembrane/secretory system

So do peroxisomal proteins have an ER signal sequence?
a. yes
b. no

Glucose in urine, amino acids in urine, low ion levels in blood. Which step is not working?
a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. secretion
d. excretion

WT protein- ER signal sequence?
a. yes
b. no
WT protein- enters endomembrane system?
a. yes
b. no

WT protein- mitochondrial targeting sequence?
a. yes
b. no

Mutant protein- ER signal sequence?
a. yes
b. no
Mutant protein- mitochondrial targeting sequence?
a. yes
b. no

Some of the peroxisomal protein is in peroxisomes
a. right place
b. wrong place

Some of the peroxisomal protein is in mitochondria
a. right place
b. wrong place

PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A GOOD DISCOUNT