For this task, locate 8-10 peer reviewed resources published within the last 5 years pertaining to the study of transformational leadership. Consider whether the variables in the studies you have chosen were well operationalized.
Next, choose four form the following six variables: Mood, Motivation, Performance, Happiness, Leadership, Anxiety.
Then, use or locate at least two articles for each variable and examine how the variable has been operationalized. For each variable, note the references of the papers you have found and briefly explain how the variable was operationalized (e.g., Mood was assessed by â¦). Next, explain how well you think each variable has been assessed in the papers you have chosen. You can use as many references as you want to support your responses.
Sample Solution
This essay will discuss the concepts of crime and deviance. It will use the sociological and biological approaches to explain crime and deviance and how relative these terminologies are. Official crime statistics will be evaluated as well. Browne et al refers to crime as ââa label that is attached to certain forms of behaviour which are prohibited by the state and have some legal penalty against themâ (Browne et al. 2016) This definition implies that a crime is committed only when behaviour violates the law. It may be said therefore that where there is no law, there is no crime. On the other hand deviance is defined as ânon-conformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or societyâ (Giddens 2001). The implication of this definition is that although certain behaviour may violate societal norms, they may not have the label of being a crime if no law exists against such behaviour. In any society social control is achieved by positive and negative sanctions which are enforced by agencies such as police or courts to ensure people conform to a particular set of norms especially the law (Browne et al. 2016). If someone commits a crime such as rape and murder, formal sanctions are applied to ensure norms are adhered to and they can be arrested, charged to court and sentenced to prison. These formal sanctions are officially known, so therefore, crime can be seen as act of deviance which breaks not only a norm, but a law, thereby leading to formal sanctions being applied. On the other hand, if people are seen deviating from societal norms it can lead to informal sanctions being imposed on them. Informal sanctions are less organised and socially defined. Many forms of deviant behaviour are not punishable by law. Excessive gambling, being nude in public, prostitution, and many more of such behaviours are seen as deviant. Some illegal acts are not necessarily seen as deviant. For example, eating while driving is not generally seen as deviant behaviour even though it is against the law. An act can be deviant but not criminal, breaking social rule but not legal rules. For example, a male teacher wearing a dress to teach in the class can be seen as being deviant but criminal offence has not been committed. An act can also be criminal but not deviant. For example speeding and breaking the speed limit is a criminal offence but if someone is found guilty of a minor speeding offence and fined, are subjected informal sanction (B>
This essay will discuss the concepts of crime and deviance. It will use the sociological and biological approaches to explain crime and deviance and how relative these terminologies are. Official crime statistics will be evaluated as well. Browne et al refers to crime as ââa label that is attached to certain forms of behaviour which are prohibited by the state and have some legal penalty against themâ (Browne et al. 2016) This definition implies that a crime is committed only when behaviour violates the law. It may be said therefore that where there is no law, there is no crime. On the other hand deviance is defined as ânon-conformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or societyâ (Giddens 2001). The implication of this definition is that although certain behaviour may violate societal norms, they may not have the label of being a crime if no law exists against such behaviour. In any society social control is achieved by positive and negative sanctions which are enforced by agencies such as police or courts to ensure people conform to a particular set of norms especially the law (Browne et al. 2016). If someone commits a crime such as rape and murder, formal sanctions are applied to ensure norms are adhered to and they can be arrested, charged to court and sentenced to prison. These formal sanctions are officially known, so therefore, crime can be seen as act of deviance which breaks not only a norm, but a law, thereby leading to formal sanctions being applied. On the other hand, if people are seen deviating from societal norms it can lead to informal sanctions being imposed on them. Informal sanctions are less organised and socially defined. Many forms of deviant behaviour are not punishable by law. Excessive gambling, being nude in public, prostitution, and many more of such behaviours are seen as deviant. Some illegal acts are not necessarily seen as deviant. For example, eating while driving is not generally seen as deviant behaviour even though it is against the law. An act can be deviant but not criminal, breaking social rule but not legal rules. For example, a male teacher wearing a dress to teach in the class can be seen as being deviant but criminal offence has not been committed. An act can also be criminal but not deviant. For example speeding and breaking the speed limit is a criminal offence but if someone is found guilty of a minor speeding offence and fined, are subjected informal sanction (B>
